Questions from test Flashcards
What is the title of the person trying a case for the State?
A prosecutor
What does CAP stand for?
College of American Pathologists
What does AAFS stand for?
American Academy of Forensic Sciences
What is the molecular weight of Ethanol? Chemical Formula
46 g/mol C2H6O or CH3CH2OH
What is used to differentiate between L- and D- Amphetamine/Methamphetamine?
Derivatization
What entity oversees/has jurisdiction over safety eyewash and emergency showers in the laboratory?
OSHA or Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What is the wavelength span range of UV light?
between 100 nanometers (nm) and 400 nm
What is the wavelength span range of visible light?
between 400 nanometers (nm) and 700 nanometers (nm)
What is the wavelength span range of IR light?
between 780 nanometers (nm) and 1 millimeter (mm)
What are the two classic laws of absorptiometry?
A method of chemical analysis in which a sample of a substance is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, and the amount of radiation absorbed by the sample is measured.
What color test is Trinder’s reagent used for?
to detect the presence of salicylates; turns purple
In an immunoassay, which drug can cause false positives for oxymorphone?
Oxycodone, naloxone and naltrexone
What are the detectors that can be used with HPLC?
Ultraviolet (UV) , fluorescence, electrochemical, conductivity , and mass spectrometry (MS) detectors
Name the order of parts/components of an HPLC?
Solvent reservoir(s), degasser, pump, autosampler (sample injector), column (stationary phase), detector, data acquisition system
What is reverse phase chromatography, and what drugs would elute first?
where a non-polar stationary phase is used, meaning that more polar molecules in a sample will interact less with the column and elute first, while more hydrophobic (non-polar) molecules will be retained longer and elute last; the most polar drugs would elute first because they have the least affinity for the non-polar stationary phase.
What is normal phase chromatography, and what drugs would elute first?
stationary phase is polar (like silica gel) and the mobile phase is non-polar, meaning that in a mixture, the least polar compounds will elute first, while more polar compounds will elute later in the chromatography run; therefore, in normal phase chromatography, the drugs with the least polarity would elute first.
What are the 5 types of immunoassays?
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT)
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA)
Cloned Enzyme Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
What is the biggest outcome of cross-reactivity in immunoassays? (false positives…why?)
the generation of inaccurate results, most commonly manifesting as false positive results, where the assay detects a substance that is not the target analyte due to its structural similarity, leading to misinterpretation of the test outcome
What is the definition of pKa, in relation to the balance of acidic and basic compounds in a solution?
The acid dissociation constant (Ka) of a solution is pKa, the negative base-10 logarithm. The pKa value is one method of determining an acid’s strength. A lower pKa value denotes a more powerful acid. For example, a lower number indicates that the acid dissociates more entirely in water.
What is standard deviation?
measures how widely spread data points are
What is the definition and measurement of precision?
how close a set of measurements are to each other, indicating the consistency and repeatability of a measurement, regardless of whether they are close to the true value (accuracy)
What is Quality Assurance?
a set of procedures that ensure the reliability of data and accuracy of results in toxicological studies
What are the factors of Quality control?
Personnel: Qualifications of the personnel involved
Laboratory: Layout and safety of the laboratory
Equipment: Requirements for the technical appliances
Samples: Requirements for sample collection, transport, receipt, and storage
Analytical methods: Selection of analytical methods
Result review: Review of results by experienced personnel
Reporting: Reporting formats
Quality control: Internal quality control and participation in external quality assessment schemes
Understand the concept of using dilutions to get a specific concentration from a stock solution.
C1V1=C2V2
Draw a Gaussian curve and define “normal distribution”, including the empirical rule for percentages of standard deviations from the mean.
68% of data falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean: This means that roughly 68% of data points lie between “Mean - 1SD” and “Mean + 1SD” on the curve.
95% of data falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean: Approximately 95% of data points are between “Mean - 2SD” and “Mean + 2SD”.
99.7% of data falls within 3 standard deviations of the mean: Nearly all data points (99.7%) are situated between “Mean - 3SD” and “Mean + 3SD”.
What compound is used to tune a mass spec?
The compound most commonly used to tune a mass spectrometer is perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA)
What compound is used to calibrate a mass spec?
perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA)
Regarding relative molecular mass (RMM), what is “the nitrogen rule”?
The nitrogen rule states that organic compounds containing exclusively hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens either have (1) an odd nominal mass that indicates an odd number of nitrogen atoms are present or (2) an even nominal mass that indicates an even number of nitrogen …
What drug is known as “speed”?
Amphetamine
What are the characteristics of PCP?
*molecular weight
*ALK/AN?
*Derivatized?
*Cutoff for workplace testing
243.3871 g/mol
Alkaline
No derivatized needed
25 ng/mL
What is the difference between opiates and opioids?
Opiates or opioids are drugs used to treat pain. Opiates are derived from plants and opioids are synthetic drugs that have the same actions as opiates.
What is an example of a opiate?
morphine, codeine,
What is an example of opioid?
hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone and heroin
What is DMT?
a strong psychedelic drug;
Regarding an LCMS, how they would elute…
Reverse-phase
*Cocaine
EME, BE, Cocaine, Cocaethylene
Regarding an LCMS, how they would elute…
Reverse-phase
*D9-THC
THC-OH, THC-COOH, THC
Regarding an LCMS, how they would elute…
Reverse-phase
*OPI/OPI
Morphine, Codeine, 6-MAM
Regarding an LCMS, how they would elute…
Normal-phase
*Cocaine
Cocaethylene, Cocaine, BE, EME
Regarding an LCMS, how they would elute…
Normal-phase
*D9-THC
THC, THC-COOH, THC-OH
Regarding an LCMS, how they would elute…
Normal-phase
*OPI/OPI
6-MAM, Codeine, Morphine
What is the molecular weight of…Oxygen
16 g/mole
What is the molecular weight of…Carbon
12 g/mole
What is the molecular weight of…Nitrogen
14 g/mole
What is the molecular weight of…Hydrogen
1 g/mole
Write the chemical formula and molecular weight of Ethanol?
C2H6O 46 g/mol
Write the chemical formula and molecular weight of Isopropyl?
C3H8O 60 g/mol
Write the chemical formula and molecular weight of Acetone?
C3H6O 58 g/mol
Write the chemical formula and molecular weight of Methanol?
CH3OH 32 g/mol
What is a Certificate of Analysis?
A Certificate of Analysis (C of A) is a key document providing information on the quality and composition of a product. It’s usually issued by manufacturers or testing labs and includes the product name, batch number, manufacturing date, and expiration date.
What important information is on a Certificate of Analysis?
Includes the product name, Lot No, Description, Expiration Date, Storage, Shipping, Chemical Formula, CAS No, Purity
What information do we record when making controls?
Reference Material, ID Code, Lot #, Tracking #, Purity, Expiration Date
Name 5 derivatizing agents?
Heptafluorobutyric Anhydride HFBA
Pentafluoropropionic Anhydride PFPA
Trifluoroacetic Anhydride TFAA
4-Carbethoxyhexfluoroutyryl Chloride 4-CB
Acetic Anhydride
Validation % Deviation
Percent deviation = (approximate value - exact value) / exact value x 100
Beer’s Law
The Beer-Lambert law states that: for a given material sample path length and concentration of the sample are directly proportional to the absorbance of the light.
Bhor’s Law
electrons in atoms travel around a central nucleus in circular orbits and can only orbit stably at a distinct set of distances from the nucleus in certain fixed circular orbits.
NPS-Pentylone
cathinone/stimulant
Cathinone are?
Naturally occurring stimulants, psychoactive ingredient of khat, metabolized by reduction to cathine
How to calculate mean?
add up all the values in a data set and then divide the sum by the total number of values in that data set
Partition Coefficient depends on?
the solubility of a substance in each of the two immiscible phases involved, meaning how well a compound dissolves in each solvent, and is also influenced by factors like temperature, the chemical structure of the compound, and the specific solvents used in the system.
Derivatizing agents are used for what drugs?
Amphetamine, Phentermine, Methamphetamine, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, MDA, MDMA
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
is a highly sensitive technique that measures the concentration of a specific substance in a sample using antibodies and radiolabeled molecules.
Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT)
Works by using an enzyme-labeled drug to compete with an unlabeled drug for a specific antibody. The amount of drug present is proportional to the inhibition of an enzyme substrate reaction
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA)
It’s a competitive assay that uses a fluorescent molecule as a label to measure the rate at which molecules tumble due to Brownian motion.
Cloned Enzyme Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA)
uses two inactive fragments of the bacterial enzyme β-galactosidase, called the enzyme donor and enzyme acceptor. When the fragments are mixed in solution, they spontaneously reassemble to form an active enzyme.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
is a laboratory technique that uses antibodies and enzymes to detect and measure the amount of a substance in a liquid sample
