Questions for exam Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
Which one is false?
A. Corrugated board is the most popular material for secondary packaging and the carton board is used mainly for primary packaging.
B. The primary packages are the smallest unit of distribution or use.
C. Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging and is often used to group primary packages together.
D. The tertiary packaging is the material that first envelops the product
A
The tertiary packaging is the material that first envelops the product
2
Q
At the chapter “The theory of attractive quality”, which example describes one-dimensional quality?
A. A new milk package that is said to contain 10 percent more milk for the same price is likely to result in customer satisfaction, but if it only contains 6 percent more milk, it is likely that the customer will feel misled and dissatisfaction.
B. Customers are dissatisfied when the package leaks, but when it does not leak the result is not increased customer satisfaction.
C. A thermometer on a package of milk showing the temperature of the milk. They provide satisfaction when achieved fully, but do not cause dissatisfaction when not fulfilled.
D. Some customers prefer high- tech products, while others prefer the basic model of a product and will be dissatisfied if a product has too many extra features.
A
A. A new milk package that is said to contain 10 percent more milk for the same price is likely to result in customer satisfaction, but if it only contains 6 percent more milk, it is likely that the customer will feel misled and dissatisfaction.
3
Q
What counts as direct impacts on the environment?
A. Production waste in the SC and logistical efficiency along the SC.
B. Packaging material-related like optimizing material use and developing packaging for efficient reuse, recycling or recovery.
C. Developing protective packaging and optimizing apportionment.
D. Maximizing fill rate under transport and storage and optimizing unitization.
A
B. Packaging material-related like optimizing material use and developing packaging for efficient reuse, recycling or recovery.
4
Q
Which statement is false?
A. Preservation means protecting a product, usually against microbiological deterioration.
B. Biotic deterioration could be ripening of fruit or respiration of vegetables.
C. Abiotic deterioration is brought about by physical or chemical agents.
D. Examples of abiotic deterioration is moulds, bacteria and yeasts.
A
D. Examples of abiotic deterioration is moulds, bacteria and yeasts.
5
Q
What is false?
A. Thermoplastic polymers are softened when heated and then returning to the original shape when cooling.
B. After taking on the original shape the thermoset polymers cannot be reheated for molding into a new shape.
C. Paper has negligible barrier against water vapour, oxygen and it is not heat-sealable.
D. The most common material used in food packaging is plastic.
A
D. The most common material used in food packaging is plastic.
6
Q
Which one of the answers do NOT describe the idea of inclusive design?
A. You want to make sure that you capture a larger variety of people. So that you can get everyone’ idiosyncrasies.
B. You don’t start with the technology you start with the person.
C. Diversity is our world’s greatest asset, and inclusion is our biggest challenge.
D. Developing new technology where focusing on the latest features will make a better and stronger product on the market.
A
D. Developing new technology where focusing on the latest features will make a better and stronger product on the market.
7
Q
What is NOT a reason to do life cycle assessment?
A. One of the reasons to do a life cycle assessment is to increase knowledge and understanding about the interaction of materials and processes with the natural environment.
B. The life cycle assessment confirms whether changes will lead to environmental improvements or if environmental impacts will simply be shifted to other stage of the life cycle.
C. Life cycle assessment can be used to assess alternative strategies or to optimise individual strategies.
D. It is not possible to set sustainable development goals with life cycle assessment.
A
D. It is not possible to set sustainable development goals with life cycle assessment.
8
Q
Inclusive design suggest:
A. Design for target consumer
B. Design for people with special needs
C. Design to include special high tech features
D. Design to include extreme users and all in between
A
D. Design to include extreme users and all in between
9
Q
Regarding the function of protection that the packaging acquires according to Hellström and Olsson, does the packaging protect the content from the surrounding or is the surrounding protected by the packaging?
- )First option
- ) Second option 3.) Both
- ) Non
A
3.) Both
10
Q
What is the Extended Producer Responsibility defined by OCDE?
A. The producer has to limit the weight and volume of packaging to a minimum on order to meet the required level of safety, hygiene and acceptability for consumer
B. The producer has to design reusable or recoverable packaging
C. The producer pays in advance for the pollution the future owner will generate
D. The producer needs to make the consumer aware of the pollution that will be generated by the product
A
C. The producer pays in advance for the pollution the future owner will generate
11
Q
There is a limiting view in packaging which says that people generally think of packaging as:
A.Logistics and transportation
B. Innovative solutions
C. The packaging material
D. Protection of the goods
A
C. The packaging material
12
Q
Hellström and Olsson describe the complexity of packaging as an onion with several different layers. What is the notion behind the eighth layer, Time?
- Speed throughout the Supply Chain, from the supplier to the end-consumer is crucial and packaging needs to be designed with this in mind
- The time needed to produce the package is an important aspect when creating the design
- Packaging is set in a dynamic environment with changing needs and requirements
- Customers today live hectic lives and the time consumed by opening packaging is time lost. Therefore this has to be minimized
A
- Packaging is set in a dynamic environment with changing needs and requirements
13
Q
MEGATRENDS
What is the percentage of plastic leakage to the ocean?
A. 22%
B. 23%
C. 32%
D. 33%
A
C. 32%
14
Q
MEGATRENDS
During this present, what main competence are businesses competing into?
A. Customer Experience
B. Engineering Focus
C. Human Behaviour
D. Price
A
A. Customer Experience
15
Q
MEGATRENDS
1. What mega trend is the MAIN cause of the rise of online shopping?
a) Digitalization & Connectivity
b) Transformation of value chain
c) Urbanization
d) Mobility revolution
A
b) Transformation of value chain
16
Q
MEGATRENDS
2. A yogurt product in the supermarket you visit has recently added the phrase ´produced locally´ to its label. Which of the mega trend we have seen does this reference?
a) Transformation of value chain
b) Beyond demographics
c) Mobility revolution
d) Urbanization
A
d) Urbanization
17
Q
MEGATRENDS
The use of dissolvable packaging was discussed during the lecture as a way to make packaging more efficient and to have further benefits except only containing the product itself. Which one of the future business perspective is best related to this type of packaging?
A. Make it user-oriented for real
B. Problem-solving for mega-cities
C. Capture real value
D. Enable helpful brands to succeed
A
B. Problem-solving for mega-cities
18
Q
MEGATRENDS
In the (near) future, the packaging can become more valuable than the product it contains, why?
- It will be seen as a collector’s item
- The packaging will help make recycling more fun
- It can generate data, giving access to special things or clubs
- Consumers in the future are more likely to appreciate good packaging
A
- It can generate data, giving access to special things or clubs
19
Q
Which approach is not a term that belong to the ”Golden circle”?
Why - Make the invisible visible
When - Timing is everything
How - Design visual stories
What - Playfully create clarity and unearth purpose
A
When - Timing is everything R
20
Q
Mega trends are large, transformative global forces that define the future. What is the most important thing to understand regarding the mega trends?
- The impact
- Meaning
- Extent
- Rate
A
- The impact (R)
21
Q
In what way has the notion of target customers changed?
A. Generation gaps has meant that age is now the key differentiator when choosing target customers.
B. Globalization has meant that nationality has become an important aspect to isolate target customers by.
C. Everybody now expects a customized experience; so traditional targeting by age and gender is irrelevant.
D. Companies today target the entire population instead of singling out certain groups to target customers.
A
C. Everybody now expects a customized experience; so traditional targeting by age and gender is irrelevant. (R)
22
Q
Where in the world do the inhabitants most strongly feel that packaging is a hero and not a villain, according to Korsnäs Billeruds sustainability study?
A Europe
B Japan
C Africa
D Asia (excluding Japan)
A
B Japan
23
Q
How should you most preferably make a product more user- oriented?
A. Understand the demographics of the customers such as age and gender.
B. Improve the product characteristics.
C. Understand the customer needs and preferences.
D. Focus on new technological possibilities.
A
C. Understand the customer needs and preferences.
24
Q
What is the key to a successful business?
A. To meet the right needs for the customers.
B. Selling the right offer to the right stakeholder.
C. Have the most suitable business model.
D. All of those above.
A
D. All of those above.
25
The packaging role becomes increasingly important, mainly caused by:
A. Higher competition
B. Innovation
C. Higher purchasing power
D. Regulatory restrictions
A. Higher competition
26
In Kano’s Theory of Attractive Quality (Löfgren and Witell, 2005), categories of perceived and attractive quality are discussed. Which of the categories correspond to attributes resulting in satisfaction when fulfilled, but does not result in dissatisfaction when not fulfilled?
A. Attractive quality
B. Indifferent quality
C. One-dimensional quality
D. Reverse quality
Attractive quality
27
What is one-dimensional quality?
A. Provide satisfaction when archived, but no dissatisfaction when not fulfilled.
B. Quality attributes are taken for granted when fulfilled but dissatisfaction when not fulfilled.
C. Satisfaction when fulfilled and dissatisfaction when not fulfilled.
D. They do not result in either customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
C. Satisfaction when fulfilled and dissatisfaction when not fulfilled.
28
The term latent needs is discussed in Grunert et al. (2010), what type of needs does this term refer to?
A. Needs that the producers identified to be the most important consumer needs
B. Needs that users/consumers are aware of and believe to not be very important
C. Needs that users/consumers are not aware of, but will be once a new product start tapping those needs
D. Needs that users/consumers are not aware of, but will be as they are the only relevant needs for a specific product.
C. Needs that users/consumers are not aware of, but will be once a new product start tapping those needs
29
According to Aristotle, Walter A. Shewhart and Locke quality can be described by:
a) Objective means
b) Subjective means
c) Both obj. and subj.
d) Neither obj. or subj.
c) Both obj. and subj.
30
According to ´the theory of attractive quality´, in what category of quality attributes does consumer-oriented innovation belong?
a) Attractive
b) Indifferent
c) One-Dimensional
d) Must-Be
a) Attractive
31
Which category of quality does the following sentence describe: “results in satisfaction when fulfilled and dissatisfaction when not fulfilled”?
o Attractive quality
o One-dimensional quality
o Must-be quality
o Reverse quality
o One-dimensional quality
32
Which attribute is not referring to the eight dimensions of product quality?
A. Performance
B. Shape
C. Durability
D. Reliability
Shape
33
What is not a basic attribute for describing product quality?
1. Reliability
2. Durability
3. Perceived quality
4. Recyclability
4. Recyclability
34
Considering product quality and quality dimensions, which of the following opinion is NOT correct?
A. Quality attributes may change from being a satisfier to a dissatisfier over time.
B. Freedom from deficiencies is how reliably the product meets its specifications.
C. Quality can be viewed both in objective and subjective sides.
D. A “perfect” product design usually means that all quality attributes are equally important.
D. A “perfect” product design usually means that all quality attributes are equally important.
35
Garvin (1987) identifies eight dimensions for describing the basic attributes of product quality. Which one of the four below does NOT belong to the eight dimensions?
- Durability
- Performance
- Price
- Serviceability
- Price
36
According to Järrehult (2011) the the converging and diverging Innovation Reactor consists of the iterative phases:
A. Input > insighting > Ideation > Implementation
B. Input > Ideation > insighting > Implementation
C. Ideation > Input > Implementation > insighting
D. Ideation > Input > insighting > Implementation
A. Input > insighting > Ideation > Implementation
37
If research on consumers provides data that leads to new functions being added to a packaging prototype after the first prototype has already been made, what would be the most correct term for this data?
a) Mega Trend
b) Consumer Insight
c) Spin-in
d) Consumer Need
c) Spin-in (R)
38
In the methodology of the innovation reactor, how many converging faces are they?
a) None
b) one
c) two
d) three
c) two
39
When using the Innovation Reactor Principle, what should we avoid?
A. Making lots of small failures
B. Being idea-driven
C. Aim at a small volume lead customers
D. Alternate between converging and diverging phases
B. Being idea-driven
40
People in general are starting to realize the advantages with diversity on many different areas, but which of the following examples are discussed to be the most challenging one at the time?
A. Human diversity
B. Biodiversity
C. Economic diversity
D. Chemical diversity
A. Human diversity
41
What can easily be overlooked when you bring an idea to the market without doing research about the needs of it?
1. The technical difficulties of the product.
2. The actual function of the product.
3. How to use the product.
4. The target customer.
2.The actual function of the product.
42
Which of the following statements does NOT belong to innovation reactor:
- The reactor alternates between converging and diverging phases.
- The reactor is always insight and needs driven.
- The reactor requires the involvement of lead users and lead customers.
- The reactor is aimed at final big volume customers.
- The reactor is aimed at final big volume customers.
43
What is the "fuzzy middle" phase in an innovation reactor?
A. The first process of combining consumer and customer insights
B. The implementation stage
C. The diverging ideation stage
D. The infighting stage
C.
44
Inclusive design begins with:
A. Average user
B. Thinking of Mass production
C. Technology innovation
D. Extreme (edge) cases
D. Extreme (edge) cases
45
In inclusive design, diversity is considered as:
a) a flaw
b) an asset
c) problem that needs to be solved
d) problem that is acceptable
b) an asset
46
What is the meaning of applying inclusivity to your design project?
a) Making your product accessible to all potential customers
b) Including all aspects of design to your project
c) Including all the different steps of customers of the customer value chain when thinking about your design project
d) Investigating the needs of specific individual customers in order to improve the general design of your project
d)Investigating the needs of specific individual customers in order to improve the general design of your project
47
Adopting the customer perspective is a guideline principle for the entire business model design process. Customer perspectives should not inform our choices regarding:
A. Value Propositions
B. Distribution Channels
C. Customer Relationships
D. Price Picking
D. Price Picking
48
Can it be beneficial to fail?
1. No, failure is always bad
2. Yes, but only in small projects
3. Yes, but only in big projects
4. Yes, failing is always good
2.Yes, but only in small projects
49
Which of the following option is the not correct considering empathy map?
A. A useful tool for consumer segmentation
B.Helps a better understanding towards what consumers are thinking, what they expect.
C.A good way to reach consumers and to understand what they would like to pay for.
D. A way of thinking from consumers’ perspectives.
A. A useful tool for consumer segmentation
50
What is inclusive design?
A. A design for the entire population.
B. Specialist products.
C. A design for as many people as possible without specialist products.
D. A product designed for families.
C. A design for as many people as possible without specialist products.
51
Which characteristic does amorphous structure gives to plastic?
A. Hardness
B. Ductility
C. Whiteness
D. Opacity
B. Ductility
52
```
Most common plastic type used in food industries is:
A. PE
B. PP
C. PS
D. PVC
```
PE
53
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) Thermoplastics have no Tm and can therefore easily be processed
b) There are 2 categories of thermosets: linear and branched
c) Both thermoplastics and thermosets can be recycled
d) Thermoplastics can be molded in many shapes due to their low Tg
d) Thermoplastics can be molded in many shapes due to their low Tg
54
A plastic container has both its advantages and disadvantages. Below three good aspects about plastics are stated, identify the one aspect that plastic doesn't perform well in:
A. Inexpensive material
B. Permeability of water vapor
C. Non-corrodible
D. Flexible
B. Permeability of water vapor
55
Which statement is true?
1. Different layer of plastics is used to take advantage of each barrier property of a specific plastic.
2. All plastics are recyclable
3. Plastics provide a total barrier against gases
4. A plastic container can not affect the taste of the product it contains.
1. Different layer of plastics is used to take advantage of each barrier property of a specific plastic.
56
Which of the following packages is not typically produced using injection molding (but rather by using blow molding)?
A. Plastic Bottles
B. Plastic Cups
C. Plastic Tubs
D. Plastic Lids
A. Plastic Bottles
57
Which plastic is till the most commonly used in food packaging?
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC)
PE
58
Which of the four deteriorative reactions relates to foods containing endogenous enzymes that could cause catalyse reactions, which in turn can lead to quality loss?
A. Chemical reactions
B. Biochemical reactions
C. Microbial reactions
D. Physical reactions
Biochemical reactions
59
How can we prevent oxidation of a food product with packaging?
a) Decrease thickness of the packaging
b) Increase the surface area/volume of the packaging
c) Increasing the temperature at which the package is stored
d) Use a packaging material with a low permeability coefficient
d) Use a packaging material with a low permeability coefficient
60
Does the surface area impact the shelf life of the product and if yes for what main reason?
a) Yes because bigger chance of falling
b) No
c) Yes, easier to create cracks on shapes with a lot of edges.
d) Yes, because the total permeability increases
d) Yes, because the total permeability increases
61
Which of these packaging migrants can be often found in PET bottles?
A. Epoxidised soy bean oil
B. Antimony
C. Tin
D. Photoinitiators
B. Antimony
62
Which statement about the shelf life of a product in a smaller package, in comparison with a bigger package of the same shape, is true?
A. It is longer
B. It is shorter
C. It is the same
D. It depends on the material
B. It is shorter
63
Name the three most important properties of a packaging, related to shelf life:
A. Barrier, content, light exposure
B. Barrier, surface area and volume ratio, package closure and integrity
C. Surface area and volume ratio, light exposure, package closure and integrity
D. Content, light exposure, package closure and integrity
B. Barrier, surface area and volume ratio, package closure and integrity (R)
64
When does buckling approximately occur for a tall box?
A. Two-thirds of the maximum load
B. 50% of the maximum load
C. 85% of the maximum load
D. Three-fifths of the maximum load
A. Two-thirds of the maximum load
65
Short span compression tests are current in the industry, but long-term loading characteristics are essential for a paper packaging to be known. What is the main factor that affects the mechanical strength of the paper packaging in long term?
a) humidity or water
b) smell
c) bacteria’s
d) Oxidation
a) humidity or water
66
In corrugated cardboard manufacturing the face and the core are glued together using:
A. Starch based adhesive
B: PVC
C. Epoxy glue
D. PVA
A. Starch based adhesive
67
When is the McKee formula a good use for testing the strength of a cardboard box?
A. When the box is shallow
B. When the box does not buckle
C. When the box’s four walls have similar dimensions
D. When two of the box’s four walls have similar dimensions
C. When the box’s four walls have similar dimensions
68
What was the idea that made Tetra Pak succeed?
a) Continues filling machine which allowed an aseptic solution.
b) One-liter packages
c) Good logo design
d) Color print on packages
a) Continues filling machine which allowed an aseptic solution.
69
Which of the following is not an example of ’deteriorative reactions’?
A. Physical
B. Enzymic
C. Sensual
D. Biological
Sensual
70
Even though Aluminum is impermeable to gas, oxygen could still affect the product, how?
A. Due to cracks in the Aluminum
B. Due to food product’s expiry date
C. Due to deterioration of the material over time
D. Due to low quality of Aluminum
A. Due to cracks in the Aluminum
71
Which key characteristics separates Polypropylene from polyethylene?
a. Lower melting point
b. Higher melting point
c. Lower quality
d. Higher quality
b. Higher melting point
72
1. Which of the following multilayered packaging has the smallest carbon footprint, while still having necessary basic barrier properties to conserve a food product by itself?
a) Several layers of paper + layer of Polyamide
b) Several layers of paper + layer of EVOH
c) Several layers of paper + layer of aluminum foil
d) A large amount of thin layers of paper
a) Several layers of paper + layer of Polyamide
73
2. Which trends contribute to the creation of new packages (for Tetra Pak)?
a) Technology trends
b) Discovery of new materials
c) Megatrends
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
74
Which of the following statements are not included in Tetra Paks strategy concerning material design?
a. Growth
b. Innovation
c. Environment
d. Competitive advantages
d. Competitive advantages
75
Different barriers are necessary for protecting a package from both intern and extern danger. Which of the following drinks is the most sensitive towards oxygen?
a. Ale
b. Wine
c. Juice
d. Beer
a. Ale
76
What is the basic low-density polyethylene (LDPE) used as an excellent protection against?
a. Oxygen barrier.
b. Odour barrier.
c. Water vapour barrier.
d. Oil resistance.
c. Water vapour barrier.
77
What is the aluminum foil used as an excellent protection against?
a. Oxygen barrier.
b. Odour barrier.
c. Water vapour barrier.
d. All of those above.
All of those above.
78
When prototyping with 3D-printing there are some limitations and some great advantages to using the method. When printing with powder-based (SLA) polymer, how does the structure keep its desired geometry and structure?
A. Supports need to be printed so the part does not collapse on itself, and post-processing is needed to remove the supports.
B. The powder works as support material and is removed by blowing it off the part.
C. The part receives its structure when the laser hardens the material and no post processing is required.
D. The part often needs to be sliced in smaller parts that are assembled in post-processing.
B. The powder works as support material and is removed by blowing it off the part.
79
In which situation is 3D printing the most competitive?
a. High value products in low volume
b. High value products in high volume
c. Low value products in low volume
d. Low value products in high volume
a. High value products in low volume
80
Which of the following does not require any additional material while 3D printing?
A. Concrete
B. Paper
C. Sintered powder
D. Plastic
C. Sintered powder
81
How much (wasted) support material is usually needed in 3D printing?
A. About 50%
B. Between 5% and 10% depending on which method is used
C. None
D. 20%, but all of it can be easily recycled
B. Between 5% and 10% depending on which method is used
82
In which field is additive manufacturing a proper method?
· Cheap prototyping
· Mass manufacturing
· For replicable and simple shapes
· Non-customized products
· Cheap prototyping
83
Considering latest 3D printing technology, which of the following opinion is not correct?
A. It promotes customization greatly.
B. It is an expensive and time-consuming method of prototyping.
C. Normally about 5-10% supporting materials are wasted during 3D printing.
D. It is appropriate to mass market
D. It is appropriate to mass market
84
Considering 3D printing applications, which of the following opinion is not correct?
A. Home 3D printer basically is suitable for print toys only.
B. Desktop 3D printers are not same as industrial ones.
C. All the 3D printing process requires the help from support material
D. 3D printing is more suitable for prototyping rather than manufacturing.
C. All the 3D printing process requires the help from support material
85
What is the most common printing material used for household 3D printing?
a. Metal
b. Concrete
c. Plastic
d. Glass
c. Plastic
86
What is the most used application for additive manufacturing?
a. Mass production of products.
b. Fast manufacturing.
c. Highly complex structures.
d. Big industrial parts.
c. Highly complex structures.
87
Layer thickness relation to quality?
a. Directly proportional
b. Inversely proportional
c. No relationship
d. 3D printing has no layers
b. Inversely proportional
88
Additive manufacturing is mostly feasible for:
a. Any product
b. High value products
c. Low value products
d. Low demand products
b. High value products
89
What is the waste reduction hierarchy?
A. Reduce – Recycling – Reuse – Recovery – Disposal
B. Recycling – Reuse – Reduce – Recovery – Disposal
C. Recycling – Reuse – Reduce – Disposal – Recovery
D. Reduce – Reuse – Recycling – Recovery - Disposal
D. Reduce – Reuse – Recycling – Recovery - Disposal
90
What is the percentage of total packaging waste that is recycled in europe in 2008?
a. 55%
b. 61%
c. 63%
d. 56%
b. 61%
91
Which one is an approach in order to minimise energy use of logistics?
A. Developing protective packaging
B. Optimizing unitization
C. Avoiding hazardous substances
D. Developing informative packaging
B. Optimizing unitization
92
What are the most common deteriorative reactions regarding packaging and shelf life?
· Biological, biochemical and chemical reactions
· Chemical, microbial, biochemical and physical reactions
· Physical, chemical, biological and geological reactions
· Biological, chemical, geological reactions
· Chemical, microbial, biochemical and physical reactions
93
What side effects could the integration of green packaging development have?
· More efficient supply chain due to saved resources and reduced waste
·Negative impact on related industries
·Decoupling the design division from the rest of the company
· Speed up the time to market process
· More efficient supply chain due to saved resources and reduced waste
94
Annual plastics production is estimated to surpass:
300 milion tons
30 million tons
300 trillion tons
30 trillion tons
300 milion tons (R )
95
What is the definition of a bioplastic ?
A. A plastic that is made from biological/renewable resources or degrades by the action of micro-organisms/biological activity or both
B. A plastic that is obtained totally or partially from biological resources
C. A plastic which undergoes major structural change under prescribed environmental conditions
D. A plastic which degrades by the action of micro-organisms or undergoes lowering of its molecular weight by biological activity
A. A plastic that is made from biological/renewable resources or degrades by the action of micro-organisms/biological activity or both
96
What are the three main disadvantages that bioplastics suffer from?
·Performance, processing, and cost
·Lack of available raw material
·Global Regulations regarding food packaging
·Not interesting for a vast market
·Performance, processing, and cost
97
Which of the following option is the not correct considering bioplastic?
A. Bioplastics are biobased and/or biodegradable.
B. Bioplastics may are made from fossil polymers.
C. Biodegradability classification normally depends on chemical nature not on the source.
D. Not all of the biobased plastics are synthesized either by production within bacteria or by chemical polymerization
D. Not all of the biobased plastics are synthesized either by production within bacteria or by chemical polymerization
98
How is different plastics detected and sorted at FTI?
a) IR laser
b) Human sorting
c) Magnetic sorting
d) Tumbling
a) IR laser
99
Who has the responsibility to recycle the packaging?
a) FTI
b) The consumer throwing the used package
c) the producer
d) a, b and c in some way.
d) a, b and c in some way.
100
Which material is not handled by FIT?
a. Paper
b. Cans
c. Plastic
d. Glass
d. Glass
101
Which technique is used to sort out aluminium?
a. Near Infra-Red
b. Ballistic method
c. Electro-magnets
d. Manually
c. Electro-magnets
102
How many times can paper be recycled on average?
·Seven times
·Depending on the material it is made of
· Once
· Three times
·Seven times
103
What is the drawback of biodegradable material when it comes to recycling?
· takes several years for decomposing depending on various factors
· does not accomplish the properties of conventional packaging materials
· needs to be treated differently by the end consumer
· is easy to inflame
· takes several years for decomposing depending on various factors
104
```
In Swedish packaging recycling system, who is supposed to take the most responsibility for recycling?
A. producers
B. government
C. consumers
D. recycling treatment companies
```
A. producers
105
Which of the following options describe the waste hierarchy correctly?
A. Minimization - reuse - recycling - energy recovery - disposal
B. Recycling - reuse - minimization - energy recovery - disposal
C. Reuse - recycling – minimization - energy recovery - disposal.
D. Minimization - energy recovery - reuse - recycling - disposal
A. Minimization - reuse - recycling - energy recovery - disposal
106
Considering the material evolution in Flextrus, which of the following opinion is not correct?
A. PVC -> PE -> APET -> AirLite -> PaperLite
B. PVC -> PE -> APET -> PaperLite ->AirLite
C. PVC -> APET -> PE -> AirLite -> PaperLite
D. PVC -> APET -> PE -> PaperLite -> AirLite
A. PVC -> PE -> APET -> AirLite -> PaperLite
107
What is main reason to conduct a LCA on your packaging solution?
· increase knowledge and understanding
· reduce transportation time
· balance out different materials
· transfer the environmental impact to another stage
· increase knowledge and understanding
108
Multiple choice question 1: From the guest lecture with Jon Haag from BillerudKorsnäs.
From the chapter Future Business Perspectives Haag mentions six ways for how this impacts
organizations. What does #6 Make it user-oriented for real mean?
A. That truly understanding the needs of the customer, will be more important
than demographics or product characteristics.
B. It will be more important to focus on engineering. Engineered products using
technological possibilities launched on the market.
C. Packaging will in the future have less impact on the user when it comes to
branding and communication through packaging.
D. Understanding what the customer want will be less important because
everything will be about technology.
A. That truly understanding the needs of the customer, will be more important
than demographics or product characteristics.
109
Multiple choice question 2: From the guest lecture with Jon Haag from BillerudKorsnäs.
From the chapter “What does the consumer think about packaging sustainability?”. What is
the difference between Asian and European countries when it comes to personal attitude
towards packages?
A. In Europe they are satisfied, but there is a bit too much packaging to take care
of. And in Asia they would like more packaging, it brings them value and
environmental benefits.
B. In Europe they would like more packaging. And in Asia they think it is too much
packaging and they do not see the value of the packages.
C. The personal attitude towards packaging is a lot higher in Europe then in Asia.
D. The personal attitude is far lower than the city capabilities in Asia.
In Europe they are satisfied, but there is a bit too much packaging to take care
of. And in Asia they would like more packaging, it brings them value and
environmental benefits.
110
From the guest lecture with Nils Toft from Tetra Pak. What is NOT important when it comes
to demands on the package?
A. The protection of the package and that it keeps the product safe.
B. Something that is important when it comes to packaging is that the material
cost is reasonable.
C. An advantage when it comes to packages is that it looks good.
D. The package must to be made from paperboard.
D. The package must to be made from paperboard.
111
Which one describes polyethylene?
A. Polyethylene protects against outside moisture.
B. Polyethylene provides stability, strength and smoothness to the printing
surface.
C. Polyethylene protects against oxygen and light to maintain the nutritional
value and flavors of the food in the package in ambient temperatures.
D. It is a renewable material, made from wood. It is important to not just use to
much polyethylene because it will add a lot of unnecessary weight.
A. Polyethylene protects against outside moisture.
112
Which one of the following answers is correct?
A. Subtractive manufacturing is sometimes called the old fashion way when you compare it to 3D printing, because it cuts away the material.
B. Subtractive manufacturing is the modern way, you start with nothing and then you are adding layer after layer.
C. An example of subtractive manufacturing is pottery or making a cake.
D. Additive manufacturing is the old way when you take a block of material and carve it out.
A. Subtractive manufacturing is sometimes called the old fashion way when you compare it to 3D printing, because it cuts away the material.
113
Which one do we not yet print today?
A. Today it’s possible to 3D print houses in less than 24 hours.
B. Today it’s possible to 3D do BioPrinting, which means making inner organs made from you own cells. Which will hopefully do that the body easier accepts the new organ.
C. It has become more popular to 3D print food. Make new and more complex forms for example pasta or chocolate. It will also be possible to make food for elderly who has difficulties to eat “hard” food like carrots, you but in all the nutrition they need and make a good looking and softer version if it.
D. Today using 3D printing in Nanotechnology is a mature and develop technology.
D. Today using 3D printing in Nanotechnology is a mature and develop technology.
114
Which is the 6 mega trends according to billerudkorsnäs?
Digitalization and connectivity
Transformation of value chains
Beyond demographics
Urbanization
Sustainability in action everywhere
Mobility revolution
115
What do urbanization mean?
A. 2/3 of all people will live in cities by 2050
116
What does sustainability in action everywhere means?
A. Sustainability is moving from discussion to action everywhere
B. 193 countries have adopted the UN SDG
117
What does mobility revolution means?
Increasing mobility of goods and people with less footprint and traffic jams
High growth of installed robots since 2012
100 % automation will be target from manufacturing to distribution
118
Digitalization and connectivity?
Everything and everyone connected. ie. everything can be tract
Increasing empowerment to the consumer
New opportunities for generation of data and value creation from data
119
Transformation of value chains?
oTraditional value chains is constantly challenged by new players and business models
oEntrepreneurs with new ways of solving problems are the rising stars, number of start-ups beat records in 2015
Today we do not need a value chain, eg. uber.
120
Beyond demographics?
oAge, gender and origin are not longer key to defining consumers
oPeople expect full customization
121
How megatrends affect companies are described in our future business perspectives: which are they?
#1 Problem-solving for mega cities
#2 Enable helpful brand to succeed
#3 Design for no humans
#4 Generate, share and profit data
#5 Capture the real value
#6 Make it user-oriented for real
122
#1 Problem -solving for mega cities: Which is NOT true?
A. Urbanization is causing a shift in power and new challenges that will need to be solved.
B. 2/3rds of all consumers will live in large cities. Lifestyles will change; more stress more health problems and more single households.
C. We do not need to minimize the waste of high volume products. E.g. food, building materials and packaging.
D. Megacities must become "smart cities" to survive. E.g. produce locally, dissolvable sacks osv.
C. We do not need to minimize the waste of high volume products. E.g. food, building materials and packaging.
123
#2 Enable helpful brands to succeed. What is true?
A. Compaines that will help improving life for everyone on the planet will be the true winner
B. The right packaging can contribute in many ways: Ec. avoid goof waste. 30-40 % of all food is never eaten
C. 66 % of consumer say they are willing to pay more for sustainable brands
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
124
Design for no humans: Which one is true?
A. 100 % automation is a key driver for transport of goods and people.
B. Consumers expect delivery at anytime, anywhere
C. Packaging will have a huge role in the transition to highly automated supply chains and distribution networks (Drone)
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
125
GENERATE, SHARE AND PROFIT FROM DATA. Which one is true?
A. in a world where everything is connected, the benefits are plenty to optimise, speed up and integrate business by using data.
B. Packaging could generate data used for predicting business
C. Packaging could be the touch point between brands an consumers
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
126
CAPTURE THE REAL VALUE: Which one is true?
A. the key to success is to meet the right needs, for the right stakeholder, with a suitable business model
B. Selling the right offer to the right stakeholder is key AirBnB sells 22% more guest nights than Hilton worldwide (still not owning any beds)
C. More brands try sell direct to consumer, sidestepping retail and wholesale
(Apple, Tesla, Dollarshaveclub, Birchbox)
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
127
MAKE IT USER-ORIENTED FOR REAL: Which one is true?
A. truly understanding the needs of the customer will be more important than demographics or product characteristics
B. 89% of businesses are soon expected to compete mainly on customer experience
C. packaging is an important touchpoint for user experience
example: branding and communication through packaging
D. all above
D. all above
128
Garvin identifies eight dimensions for describing the basic attributes, which?
```
Performance
Features
reliability
conformance
Durability
Serviceability
Aesthetics
Perceived quality
```
129
What is segmentation?
A. the process of identifying a group of people similar in one or more ways
B. Market segment is a group of consumers with similar needs and behavior the differ from those of the entire mass market
C. To be able to develop products that fit
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
130
Understand user processes, can be divided in two steps:Which is one is true?
A. 1 st moment of truth and 2 moment of truth
B. The 1st moment of truth is about obtaining customers attention and communicating the benefits of an offer
C. The 2nd moment of truth is about providing the tools the customer need to experience these benefits when using the product.
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
131
What does not describes collection of consumer insights?
A. Watch
B. Ask
C. Listen and think
D. Assume
D. assume
132
Which is the least reliable consumer insight method?
A. Own use/participation
B. Observations
C. Focus groups
D. Questionnaires
D. Questionnaires
133
What is design thinking?
A. Desireability
B. Feasibility
C. Viability
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
134
What is silent salesman?
A. Attracts the customer
B.Markets the product
C.Hold the attention against the visual clamor of competitive products.
D.All of the above
D.All of the above
135
Method for analyzing consumer quality perception and preference formation: which is a method?
A. There are two typs of qualitative method that are relevant when researching user need: Interview and observations
B. Personal interview, two people who exchange information and viewpoints.
C. focus groups interview
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
136
Certec's three aspects, which are NOT an aspect?
A. Inclusive
B: Human centered
C: Co-creative
D. Technology
D. Technology
137
Three sibling with similar ambitions, universal design, design for all and inclusive design. What is the similarity?
They want a design that includes people of all ages and ability.
138
```
UD's seven principles:
¡ Equitable use
¡ Flexibility in use
¡ Simple and intuitive
¡ Perceptible information
¡ Tolerance for error
¡ Low physical effort
¡ Size and space for approach and use
```
- Equitable use
ex: automatic door openers
- Flexibility in use
ex. Scissors for left- and right-handed use
- Simple and intuitive
Example: Instructions without text
- Perceptible information
Example: thermostat with grading in relief
- Tolerance for error
Example: UNDO functions
- Low physical effort
Example: door handles with pushing levers
- Size and space for approach and use
Example: wide passages that accommodate
prams and wheelchairs
139
There are two ways to innovate: Exploiting and Exploratory. Which is true?
A. Exploiting can be compared to chess principles.
B. Exploratory can be compared to poker principles.
C. Exploiting is a lean, linear and predictable process. Exploratory is iterative, trial and error.
D. all is true
D. all is true
140
What do NOT degrades food?
A. Temperature
B. light
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrogen
D. Nitrogen
and Carbon dioxide
141
What it true about MAP?
A. Modified Atmosphere packaging
B. MAP gives packaging longer shelf life
C. Food will be able to stay in the shelf a lot longer then with out any protection
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
142
What disadvantages is there with plastic containers?
A. Versatile (flexible, rigid)
B. Light-weight
C. Transparent
D: Permeable to (gas, water vapor, Aroma)
D: Permeable to (gas, water vapor, Aroma)
143
Principle for sustainability. In the sustainable society, nature is not subject to systematically increasing…
1. …concentrations of substances from the Earth’s crust (e.g., Lead, Cadmium,…).
2.… concentrations of substances produced by society (e.g. CFCs, PCB,…).
3…degradation by physical means (e.g., through deforestation, over fishing,…);
4.…people are not subject to conditions that systematically undermine their capacity to meet their needs (e.g., through abuse of political and economic power leading to decreasing inter personal trust and trust between individuals and societal institutions). *
144
Which is not a directions of the compass?
A. Protection
B. Materials use
C. Fill rate
D. Maximize the quantity
D. Maximize the quantity
145
Which is not a directions of the compass?
A. Apportionment
B. User-friendliness
C. Information and communication
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
146
What is NOT logistical related packaging approaches?
A. Maximize fill rate
B. Minimize cooling needs
C. Optimize Unitization
D. Optimize material use
D. Optimize material use (is in packaging material related packaging approaches)
147
Packaging material related packaging approaches: What is not?
A. Optimize material use
B. Aviod hazardous substances
C. Use responsible sourced materials
D. Maximize fill rate
D. Maximize fill rate ( Logistical related approaches)
148
Product waste related packaging approaches: what is not?
A. Develop protective packaging
B. Optimize apportionment
C. Develop user-friendly packaging
D. Aviod hazardous substances
D. Aviod hazardous substances (Packaging material)
149
What does not describe biopolymers?
A. Carbon neutral
B. Low environmental impact
C. renewable & sustainable
D. Green house gas emission
D. Green house gas emission
150
What does not describes conventional polymers?
A. Fossil dependence
B. Non-renewable
C.Green house gas emission
D. Carbon neutral
D. Carbon neutral
151
Why packaging?
A. Transportations possibilities
B. Food waste prevention
C. Display in store
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
152
Producers responsibility is?
A. Provide collection system for packaging
B. Ensure that packaging materials are recycled
C. Minimize the need for packaging
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
153
What are the phases of LCA:
A. Goal and scope
B. Inventory analysis
C. Impact assessment
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
154
Which one does not describe the Goal and scope?
A. Description of product system, intended application of results and target audiences.
B. Definition of functional unit
C. System boundaries
D. Life cycle map
D. Life cycle map ( is in inventory analysis)
155
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA):
A. ecosystem impact
B. Human Health Impact
C. Resources
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
156
```
Which of the following main types of carton boards do NOT exist:
A. Solid bleached board
B. Solid unbleached board
C. Folding boxboard
D. Black lined chipboard
```
D. Black lined chipboard
157
What is the definition of an aseptic package?
- A package that needs to be heated to a prescribed temperature.
- A package that needs to be packaged in a production chain that must be commercially sterile.
- A package that have one layer of aluminum foil.
- A package that keeps food fresh for at least six month.
- A package that needs to be packaged in a production chain that must be commercially sterile.
158
What is Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC)?
- ESC is the result of the continual battle that the plastics industry has in convincing environmentalists and politicians that plastics can be the solution to environmental problems and not the cause.
- ESC is the consequence of a combination of mechanical stress and exposure to an aggressive chemical.
- ESC is a chemical reaction between the polymer and the active environment.
- ESC is when the environment places pressure on the package, that will in the end cause the package not being launched.
- ESC is the consequence of a combination of mechanical stress and exposure to an aggressive chemical. (R)
159
What is the principle of 3-D printing?
A. Laying down successive layers of material until the object is created
B. Attaching small components until the object is created
C. Filling mass around a skeleton until the object is created
D. Compressing mass into a tin
Laying down successive layers of material until the object is created
160
Why do you use supportive material during 3-D printing?
A. Because it is not possible to print in the air
B. To get a better surface on the product
C. To increase the hardness in the base material
D. Because it works like a skeleton
Because it is not possible to print in the air
161
1. Tina, mother of 5-year-old Sally, buys a cereal snack for her daughter to eat in the car during a trip to the family’s summer house. Tina opens the package and gives it to Sally who eats the snack. After eating, Sally discovers that the empty package can be folded into a frog which she does. Sally is busy with folding and afterwards she plays with the frog in the car. Once Tina and Sally arrive at the summer house, Tina calls her husband and says: Oh, I had such a relaxing ride – Sally was busy playing with a cereal snack package – I am so happy that I bought this new snack!
If you analyse the cereal snack package from above with the Kano-theory of attractive quality, which of the following quality attributes is described?
a) One-dimensional quality
b) Indifferent quality
c) Reverse quality
d) Attractive quality
d) Attractive quality - something you do not expect, thermometer at the milk.
162
2. Which of the following features of a PET bottle is aimed at improving the consumer experience during the second moment of truth?
a) A beautiful graphical design
b) A Christmas tree shape
c) An easy-to-open closure
d) A label saying 50% recycled PET
c) An easy-to-open closure - second moment
163
3. How does the megatrend Beyond Demographics market segmentation?
a) Life style and occasion are more important than age and origin for selecting a target group.
b) Age and origin are more important than ever for selecting a target group.
c) Beyond Demographics does not influence the common way of selecting a target group.
d) Age and origin must be complemented with level of digitalization for selecting a target group.
a) Life style and occasion are more important than age and origin for selecting a target group.
164
5. According to the “converging and diverging innovation reactor” what is done in the insighting phase?
a) Create solutions based on initial insights
b) Collect insights about what consumers think about your prototype
c) Sorting out useful consumer insights from non-useful insights
d) Collect consumer insights
d) Collect consumer insights
165
6. Which of the following alternatives describing the use of “Empathy Maps” is correct?
a) Empathy Maps allow to develop products that are better for everyone independent from the target user. - No, it is what does he/she think,feel,hear and see.
b) Empathy Maps allow to develop a better understanding of users’ behaviour, concerns and aspirations.
c) Empathy Maps allow to develop a better understanding of the users’ demographic characteristics.
d) Empathy Maps allow to develop cheaper products for users in shorter development time.
b) Empathy Maps allow to develop a better understanding of users’ behaviour, concerns and aspirations.
166
7. When using a qualitative data collection method to gather information about consumer needs, which of the following alternatives is correct?
a) Qualitative methods are ideal for gaining deeper understanding of consumer needs.
b) Qualitative methods are not used for collecting information about consumer needs.
c) Qualitative methods are only used to collect consumer feedback on already developed products.
d) Qualitative methods are a cheap way of collecting representative data on consumer needs.
a) Qualitative methods are ideal for gaining deeper understanding of consumer needs.
167
8. Imagine you were supposed to develop a new packaging solution for vitamin pills targeted at elderly people. The focus for you would be to increase user-friendliness. Which of the following data collection methods would you use to collect consumer insights?
a) Internet surveys posted on social media
b) Written surveys filled in by elderly consumers in pharmacies and shops
c) Structured interviews with pharmacy staff and medical doctors
d) Observations of elderly consumers handling pill packages in their homes
d) Observations of elderly consumers handling pill packages in their homes
168
10. When during the product development process is the best time to start with packaging development?
a) Once the product dimensions are defined.
b) Right at the beginning of the product development process.
c) Towards the end of product development process.
d) Once procurement has found a packaging material supplier.
b) Right at the beginning of the product development process.
169
11. In a packaging system, what is the type of packaging called that supports handling in retail shops?
a) Promotion packaging
b) Secondary packaging
c) Shelf-ready packaging
d) Corrugated cardboard packaging
b) Secondary packaging
170
12. For what type of product is glass the better material choice compared to polymers from a product requirement perspective:
a) Liquid hand soap
b) Pickled fish (e.g. herring)
c) Non-carbonated soft drink
d) Hand-made candy
b) Pickled fish (e.g. herring) - to protect from the smell
171
13. When exposed to an equal force distribution from above (e.g. from palletization), where is the area with highest stress in a rectangular carton board box (such as a cereal box)?
a) In different places depending on the box size
b) At the entire bottom of the box
c) At the top corners
d) Along the short sides of the box
c) At the top corners - according to stress distribution ( billerudkorsnäs)
172
14. What is the main purpose of the fluting in corrugated board packaging?
a) To separate the liners to increase the resilience against humidity
b) To separate the liners to increase bending stiffness
c) To separate the liners to increase resistance to temperature changes
d) To separate liners with virgin fibres from recycled fibres due to food safety legislation
b) To separate the liners to increase bending stiffness - the higher the fluting is the stronger product, because it gives high bending stiffness of the board.
173
15. Which of the following is the biggest disadvantage of using recycled fibres for corrugated board compared to using virgin fibres?
a) The raw material costs are higher.
b) The strength of the board is lower.
c) The production process is more complex.
d) The raw material supply is unstable.
b) The strength of the board is lower.
174
16. Comparing two packages made of the same polymer material and formed in the same shape, a food product packed in the smaller package has:
a) A longer shelf-life due to the faster filling process.
b) A shorter shelf-life due to the larger surface to product ratio.
c) A longer shelf-life due to the use of more packaging material per product unit.
d) A shorter shelf-life due to the lower fill rate.
b) A shorter shelf-life due to the larger surface to product ratio.
175
17. Effective food packaging _________ the chemical, physical or biotic processes that lead to deterioration of food.
a) Does not affect
b) Reverses
c) Accelerates
d) Inhibits
d) Inhibits
176
18. Imagine you were working for a start-up company that has developed a totally new-type of energy bar. How would you select a packaging material to meet product requirements?
a) Selecting the same type of packaging material that other producers of energy bars use
b) Selecting a packaging material based on their barrier properties and the identified potential hazards to the product
c) Selecting the packaging material with the best printing properties and the lowest price
d) Selecting the packaging material that fulfils the identified consumer needs best
b) Selecting a packaging material based on their barrier properties and the identified potential hazards to the product
177
20. Which of the following statements about retorting food is correct?
a) During the retorting process, the food is cooked inside a sealed packaging container.
b) The only available packaging solution for retorted food are metal cans.
c) During retorting the food is heated up before filling to high temperatures (~130° C) for a few seconds.
d) The retorting process is suitable for all kinds of packaging materials.
c) During retorting the food is heated up before filling to high temperatures (~130° C) for a few seconds.
178
21. What is NOT an advantage of 3-D-Printing? Please observe the NOT in the question!
a) It reduces material use compared to subtractive manufacturing.
b) It is easy to make customized parts.
c) It can eliminate the need for assembling parts.
d) It requires no post-processing.
d) It requires no post-processing.
179
24. What happens to recycled packaging materials in an open-loop recycling system?
a) It is recycled into new packaging material.
b) It is burned to recover its energy content.
c) It is reused for another purpose (e.g. as a toy).
d) It is recycled into another product.
d) It is recycled into another product.
180
a) Producers have to provide a country-wide collection system for packaging.
b) Producers have to minimize the need for packaging.
c) Producers have to ensure that packaging materials are designed for reuse or recycling.
d) Producers have to ensure that packaging causes no harm to nature if it ends up as litter.
d) Producers have to ensure that packaging causes no harm to nature if it ends up as litter.
181
28. In a comparative life cycle assessment study on different packaging solutions, it is important that the following packaging characteristics are similar:
a) The type of packaging material
b) The shape of the packages
c) The function of the packages
d) The recycling of the packaging material
c) The function of the packages
182
31. To improve secondary packaging for increased transport efficiency, it is most important:
a) To develop it with the specifications of the primary package in mind
b) To develop it with the specifications of the tertiary packaging in mind
c) To develop it with the specifications of all packaging system levels in mind
d) To develop it with the lowest possible amount of packaging material
c) To develop it with the specifications of all packaging system levels in mind
183
32. Which of the following ways of giving feedback to other students has in most cases a positive effect on their learning process?
a) Highlighting their strengths and giving concrete suggestions for improvement
b) Starting with bringing up their weaknesses and ending with their strengths
c) Focusing mainly on their weaknesses as that is where they have to improve
d) Providing feedback in a written and anonymous way to not embarrass others
a) Highlighting their strengths and giving concrete suggestions for improvement
