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1
Q

main reactions of carbon cycle in nature

A

photosynthesis, glycolysis, respiration

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2
Q

what happens to glucose in respiration reactions

A

glucose produced in photosynthesis and broken doen in respiration to produce energy

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3
Q

Some organisms can live without food for several month but can’t live without oxygen. Why?

A

because they can store lipids and produce energy from it but they can’t store oxygen.

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4
Q

Cellular Respiration:

A 
Glucose is broken down into water (H_2 O) 
 and carbondioxide (CO_2) in cellular respiration. 
 And energy released at the end of reaction.
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5
Q

What are the reactants of respirations?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids.

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6
Q

respiration can be summarized in the following reaction

A

c6h1206+602 > 6co2 + 6h20 +energy

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7
Q

Define ATP (Adenosine three phosphate).

A

is an important compound that provide energy for muscular contraction, secretion, impulse transmission and active transport

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8
Q

–

A

–

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9
Q

What is the used of Chemical bond energy which obtained from ATP?

A

used in synthesizing of complex molecules.

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10
Q

when does atp convert to ADP

A

during production of proteins from amino acids

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11
Q

/ What is the primary source of energy for metabolic activities?

A

Glucose.

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12
Q

How Glucose is activated?

A

by consuming 2 ATP.

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13
Q

What are the Glycolysis reactions?

A

NS/ The reactions in which the activated glucose broken down until 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

  • Glycolysis is common for aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
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14
Q

/ Where, and How Breaking of glucose molecule occurs?

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

Where the four phases of aerobic respiration occurs?

A

in mitochondria.

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16
Q

What are the four phases of Aerobic respiration?

A

Phase 1:
Glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Di Nucleotide) is reduced by hydrogen.

Phase 2:
Pyruvic acid molecules pass into mitochondria and transform into Acetyl CoA by separation of hydrogen and carbondioxide. NAD molecules are reduced by hydrogen molecules that separated from pyruvic acid. (NADH)

Phase 3:
(Citric Acid Cycle): It takes place in matrix of mitochondria, FADH_2 NADH and CO_2 formed in these reactions. two citric acid cycles happen for one molecule of glucose.

Phase 4:
The ETC makes up the final stage of aerobic respiration. In eukaryotic cells the electron transport chain lines the inner membrane of the mitochondrion; the inner membrane has many long folds called cristae.

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17
Q

Define NADH

A

NADH is a co-enzyme that used in production of ATP.

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18
Q

final stage of aerobic respiration

A

etc

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19
Q

What is cristae?

A

Cristae: are long folds which found in the inner membrane of mitochondrion

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20
Q

How does plants can get oxygen?

A

Plants get oxygen from atmosphere through tiny openings on leaves called stomata and take dissolved oxygen in water by roots then to the xylem vessels

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21
Q

Plants don’t need oxygen during the day. Why?

A

because they provide it from photosynthesis.

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22
Q

How does Produced carbondioxide released from the plant body?

A

/ by stomata or by diffusion from outer cells.

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23
Q

Define stomata

A

are tiny openings on leaves which used by plants to get oxygen from atmosphere, and they are formed by the differentiation of epidermal tissue.

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24
Q

What is the important of stomata?

A

Stomata play a role in exchange of O_2 and CO_2 between leaf and atmosphere.

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25
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

opening and closure procedure of stomata.

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26
Q

Explain the structure of stomata?

A

A stoma is composed of a pair of bean-like cells known as guard cells with a space between them, known as the stomal opening.

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27
Q

The inner walls of guard cells are thicker than the outer walls in stomata. Why?

A

to facilitate the opening of stomatal pore during transpiration.

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28
Q

Define guard cells.

A

a pair of bean-like cells, the inner walls of them are thicker than the outer walls

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29
Q

Define lenticels

A

are openings which replaced the stomata in higher plants when the epidermis forms a protective layer and the outer tissue become woody and stomata lose their function.

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Q/ What is the function of lenticels?

A

They maintain gas exchange between a woody plant and the atmosphere.

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32
Q

where the lenticels are found mostly?

A

are found mostly on the roots, stem and branches.

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33
Q

How does Hydrophytes absorb dissolved oxygen in water?

A

by their body surface.

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34
Q

all animals need oxygen. Why?

A

/ to maintain the metabolic activities.

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35
Q

Animals vary according to their respiration mechanism. Give the reason.

A

depending on their living conditions.

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36
Q

Respiration occurs in three levels in animals, list these levels.

A

1External respiration:
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion take place between blood and respiration surfaces.

2.Internal respiration:
Gas exchange takes place between blood and body cells.

  1. Aerobic cellular respiration:
    It is the breaking down of glucose in cell to produce energy in presence oxygen and carbondioxide released at the end of it.
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37
Q

Define respiration.

A

/ Respiration: - is the exchange of gases between an organism and its environment (taking in oxygen and releasing co2

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38
Q

Define trachea.

A

are system of pipes, Branches of these pipes penetrate all tissues to facilitate the diffusion of gases into all regions of the body

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39
Q

What is the function of branches of these pipes (trachea)?

A

penetrate all tissues to facilitate the diffusion of gases into all regions of the body.

40
Q

Give example for organisms respire with gills.

A

Mollusks, , crustaceans, fish and amphibians

41
Q

What is the most important feature of gills?

A

/ is that they absorb oxygen dissolved in water.

42
Q

Give example for organisms respire through lungs.

A

/ Adult amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

43
Q

How can Unicellular organisms provide gas exchange?

A

by simple diffusion through cell membrane.

44
Q

How can some invertebrates take oxygen?

A

Use their wide body surface to provide enough area to take enough oxygen

45
Q

Give example for organisms provide gas exchange by using their wide body surface.

A

hydra and planaria.

46
Q
A
47
Q

How can hydra and planaria provide gas exchange?

A

/ by diffusion through their wide body surface and body extensions

48
Q

Explain How does organisms like earthworm provide gas exchange?

A

provide gas exchange by their body surface and oxygen transported to the body cells by circulatory system.

49
Q

Define Gill.

A

are respiratory organs of aquatic organisms.

50
Q

How does the gill formed?

A

They formed from projections of epithelium.

51
Q

What system of the body does the gill connected to?

A

closely associated with circulatory system.

52
Q

Give example for organisms have gill respiration.

A

/ Starfish and sea worms.

53
Q

Give example for organisms have Tracheal respiration

A

terrestrial arthropods like centipedes, insects with exoskeleton like spider.

54
Q

What is the function of branches of trachea?

A

penetrate all tissues to facilitate the diffusion of gases into all regions of the body.

55
Q

why branches of trachea penetrate all tissues?

A

to facilitate the diffusion of gases into all regions of the body.

56
Q

Explain How Each trachea open into the exterior of body?

A

by a series of spiracle, one pair in each body segment.

57
Q

Give the reason: exoskeleton respire by tracheal method?

A

Because they don’t have skin or lungs respiratory system, It only have tracheal respiratory system.

58
Q

Explain the mechanism of tracheal respiration.

A

In tracheal system, gas exchange occurs at the tracheales by simple diffusion. Oxygen is transmitted from spiracle to trachea then through the tracheales and finally into tissues. Carbondioxide follows the same pathway in opposite direction.

59
Q

How gas exchange occurs at the tracheales in tracheal system?

A

simple diffusion

60
Q
A
61
Q

Give example for organisms use their skin for gas exchange.

A

Some kinds of vertebrates like amphibia and some fishes.

62
Q

What are (factors) advantages for cutaneous respiration in amphibia?

A
  1. Thickness of skin
  2. being rich in blood vessels
  3. presence of mucous glands
63
Q

cutaneous respiration is unique method to provide gas exchange, in Some kinds of salamander, cause

A

because they don’t have gills or lungs.

64
Q

Define Gill and give example for organisms have it.

A

/ A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms like amphibia and fishes that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide.

65
Q

Explain the structure of gill.

A

the gill lamellae: - a comb-like filaments which the gill composed of, and help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange.

66
Q

What are the features of the lungs of amphibian?

A
  1. Similar to the small sacs.
  2. the lungs are unfolded.
  3. no alveoli are present.
  4. the lungs attached directly to the pharynx.
  5. there is no trachea.
67
Q

The lungs of amphibia similar to the small sacs, Why?

A

because there is no fold on their surface.

68
Q

no alveoli are present in lungs of amphibian, why?

A

the lungs are unfolded

69
Q

What is the position of lungs in amphibian?

A

the lungs attached directly to the pharynx.

70
Q

In reptiles, the wall of each lung is folded, give the reason.

A

to form a wider surface area for gas exchange.

71
Q

why snakes differ from other vertebrates of their class?

A

they have only a single lung. The second lung is thought to have disappeared during metamorphosis

72
Q

The structure of respiratory system in bird is more sophisticated, write the cause.

A

Because it includes air capillaries surrounded by network of blood capillaries.

73
Q

there are five air sacs attached to the lung, Why?

A

because These sacs cause much of the body cavity to be filled with air.

74
Q

Explain the mechanism of respiration in birds?

A

Air enters the respiratory system through the nostrils and flows into the lungs and then to the air sacs. Air sacs increase the oxygen storage capacity of birds. The oxygen taken by the lungs passes to the blood and is carried to the body cells.

75
Q

/ what is the important of air sacs in birds?

A

/ increase the oxygen storage capacity of birds

76
Q

Respiratory system in human consist of following structures:

A

A. Two outer nostrils.

B. Nasal cavity

C. Two inner nostrils

D. Pharynx

E. Larynx

F. Trachea

77
Q

What is the covered of nasal cavity and what it contains?

A

covered by mucosal membrane and contain many glands that secrete mucous.

78
Q

/ What is the contain of pharynx?

A

It contains a small piece of cartilage called as epiglottis.

79
Q

/ What is the location and the function of epiglottis?

A

It located in the pharynx and it prevent entering of food into trachea.

80
Q

Define epiglottis

A

a small piece of cartilage that is located in the pharynx, and It prevent entering of food into trachea.

81
Q

Why larynx called voice box?

A

Because Larynx contains vocal cords and help to produce sound.

82
Q

Define Trachea, And what is the location of it?

A

/ It is a tube which is located in the chest in front of the esophagus.

83
Q

What is the covered of The inner surface of the trachea?

A

mucous glands and cilia.

84
Q

Explain the structure of lungs in human.

A

In the lungs, bronchioles are subdivided into air sacs which consist of small rooms called as alveoli. Alveoli have thin walls surrounded by a network of blood capillaries which are branched from pulmonary artery.

85
Q

where the gas exchange occurs in human?

A

through the wall of alveoli

86
Q

/ Define alveoli.

A

are small rooms which located in the air sacs of bronchioles, they have thin walls surrounded by a network of blood capillaries.

87
Q

Where does the lungs are located in animals and humans?

A

thorax

88
Q

What separates the lungs from the body cavity?

A

diaphragm

89
Q

Define pleura

A

:- a thin, double-layered membrane which surrounded the lungs,

90
Q

Define pleural cavity.

A

is The space between the pleural membranes covering the lung and the pleural membrane lining the thoracic cavity, and it have fluid.

91
Q

What is the function of fluid in pleural cavity?

A

/ provides lubrication between the lungs and the chest cavity.

92
Q

What is the consist of lungs?

A

many similar units, known as alveoli.

93
Q

/ what are the composed of Alveoli?

A

Alveoli are composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells and are surrounded by a network of capillaries.

94
Q

The alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the lungs, Why?

A

Because the Alveoli surrounded by a network of capillaries.

95
Q
A

–

96
Q
A

biology month 2 (2 decks)

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