Questions

Question 1

• Main cells of connective tissue(5)

* Main products (3)

Answer 1

Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Stem cells, progenitor cells

Ground substance
Fibre
Wax and gel like substances

Question 2

• Features of epithelial tissue (7)
• Layers of basement membrane
• Cell polarity

Answer 2

Answer

Question 3

Four types of tissue

Answer 3

Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
Connective

Question 4

• What glands secrete sweat?

* How does shivering occur?

Answer 4

Answer

Question 5

• When does positive feedback stop?
• When does negative feedback stop?
• Examples of both feedbacks
• Negative feedback loop

Answer 5

Ans

Question 6

• Mild vs severe hypothermia

Answer 6

Mild : shivering, forgetfulness, confusion, muscle stiffness

Severe : shivering stops, slow and weak pulse, muscles become rigid
Severe reduction in response levels

Question 7

• Ranges, effects and symptoms of diff core body temps

Answer 7

Ans

Question 8

• Normal pH range + where it exists
• 2 organs responsible for maintaining acid base balance
• Effects of diff pH on body

Answer 8

Ans

Question 9

• What leads to acidosis and alkylosis
• How to reverse each - respiratory and metabolic mechanisms

Bonus - risk with treatment of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 9

Ans

Question 10

• Drawback of kidney metabolic response mechanism to acidosis and alkalosis

Answer 10

Ans

Question 11

• Normal range for H+ in nm

* Change in H+ vs change in pH

Answer 11

44-36nm (for 7.35 - 7.45 pH)

Question 12

Buffer systems - ICF and ECF
• Factors which contribute to antacid neutralising strength
• How does the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system work?
• Job of sodium phosphate buffer system
• What do all systems regulate

Answer 12

Ans

1. Should know
2. Alkalinity and solubility
3. Important in blood, uses erythrocytes as intermediary
4. Regulate intracellular pH and transport systems
5. Water levels in cells.

Question 13

• Description + use of arterial blood gas

Answer 13

Des : analysis of gases and pH in blood sample taken from arteries

Use : classifies imbalances

Question 14

• Effects of too little or too much water in cells

Answer 14

Too lil : dehydration, cell and tissue death, organism death

Too much : toxicity, metabolic failure, cell and tissue death, organism death

Question 15

Percentages and proportion of:
Total body water
ICF
ECF
interstitial fluid
Plasma

*practice calculations with 75kg man

Trends of TBWater with age, fat and gender

Answer 15

6O% of TBWeight
2/3 of TBwater
1/3 of TBwater
80% of ECF
20% of ECF

Males > females
Younger > old
Skinny > fat

Question 16

What happens if there’s no water?

Answer 16

Water is borrowed from interstitial space
Borrowed from cells and tissue, cell sacrifice
Borrowed from organs
Taken from brain, liver and lastly kidney and heart

Question 17

What regulates aquaporin numbers

Answer 17

Amount of glycerol in cell

Question 18

An isotonic solution

Answer 18

90% NaCl physiological - saline concentration used in IV drips

Question 19

Osmolarity vs osmolality (4)

Answer 19

Ans

Question 20

Nerve tissue consist of…

Answer 20

Neutrons and supporting cells

Question 21

Expression of resolution

Answer 21

Ans

Question 22

What is resolution?

Answer 22

The smallest distance by which two objects can be

separated and still be distinguishable as two separate objects.

Question 23

Exocrine vs endocrine

Answer 23

Ducted vs ductless
Name of secretions are how they are secreted
Examples
Cells in gland that are secreting products

Question 24

How low pH is maintained in non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 24

Glycogen, lactobacillus, releases lactic acid