questions Flashcards
metal lymphocyte transformation test
Cobalt, Chromium, Nickel, Titanium, Aluminum, Zirconium, Niobium
types of hemophelia
- Hemophelia A- lowered clotting factor VIII
- Hemophelia B Christmas disease- lowered clotting factor IX
- Von Willibrands disease- inherited, slow clotting
- Hemochromatosis- deposition of iron, hepatomegaly, heart failure
What lauge hanson do you get butterfly fx
PAB
Dupuytren fx? w what Lauge hanson
talus =is lodged proximally between the tibia and the fibula, often with dislocation and open fracture
PER
Clark levels of malignant melanoma
Level 1- Epidermis, not through the basement membrane
Level II- Melanoma penetrates the basement membrane and enters the papillary dermis
Level III Melanoma fills the papillary dermis.
Level IV Melanoma enters the reticular dermis
Level V Melanoma enters the subcutaneous fat.
Breslow thickness
0 to 0.75 mm epidermis
0.76- to 1.5 mm papillary dermis
1.51 to 3.5 mm reticular dermis
Greater the 3.5 subcutaneous layer
Hutchinson’s sign, melanotic whitlow
subungual melanoma in the eponychium and nail folds of Acral Lentiginous Melanoma.
Cierny-mader classification of osteomyelitis
Stage 1. Medullary Osteomyelitis Class A - Host
Stage 2. Superficial Osteomyelitis Class B – Systemic compromise
Stage 3 Localized Osteomyelitis Class Bl – Local compromise
Stage 4 Diffuse Osteomyelitis Class C – treatment worse than disease
Charcot classification
Eichenholz
1. development, 2. coalescence, 3. reconstruction
sneppen classification
- transchondral or compression of talar dome
- coronal, sagittal or horizontal shear fracture
1 coronal or sagittal
1A non-displaced
1B displaced trochlear articular surface
1C displaced trochlear articular surface with subtalar involvement
1D total dislocation of talar body
Rowe classification
1a-tuberosity fracture 1b-sustentaculum fracture 1c-anterior process fracture 2a-beak fracture 2b-avulsion fracture of Achilles tendon III body fracture not involving the posterior facet 4-body fracture involving the subtalar joint V-joint depression fracture
Essex-Lopresti Classification of Calcaneal Fractures
A-Joint depression fracture
B-Tongue fracture
Hercovici Classification of Medial Malleolar Fractures
Type 1- Avulsion at the tip of the medial malleolus
Type 2- Transverse fracture below the joint line
Type 3-Transverse fracture at the joint line
Type 4- Oblique fracture above the joint line
Tscherne”s classification of soft tissue trauma
Grade 0- absent
Grade 1- Indirect, contusion, superficial abrasion
Grade 2- Direct, deep abrasion, contaminated, impending compartment syndrome, blistering and edema
Grade 3- Direct, extensive contusion or crushing, possible muscle damage, vascular injury or compartment syndrome.
Ruedi and allgower
I Intra-articular not displaced
II Intra-articular minimally to moderately displaced
III Comminuted
AO of pilon
Type A- extra-articular A1,2,3
Type B- partially articular B1,2,3
Type C1- simple pilon
Type C2- articular injury with greater metataphyseal comminution
Type C3- significant comminution of both articular surface and metaphysic
Jahss of first MPJ dislocations
Type 1- simple dislocation, sesamoids lie on the dorsum of the metatarsal neck, maintaining their attachment to the base of the proximal phalanx. ( irreducible)
Type II A- dorsal dislocation with rupture of the intersesamoidal ligament (reducible)
Type II B- dorsal dislocation with transverse fracture of medial sesamoid. The distal fragment is drawn distally while the proximal fragment remains attached to the intersesamoidal ligament. (reducible)
Torg classification- jones
Type I. acute fractures no previous history of trauma, no sclerosis of the medullary canal, no widening of the fracture line.
Type II. Delayed fracture, history of previous trauma, Periosteal changes, widening of the fracture line, medullary sclerosis and radiolucency at the fracture site.
Type III. Non-united repeated trauma with recurring symptoms with Periosteal changes, widening of the fracture line, medullary sclerosis and radiolucency at the fracture site.
Tetnus prophylaxis
.5ml tetnus toxoid
250mg tetnus immunglobulin in separate arms
Coughlin classification of accessory navicular
Type 1- small sesamoid within the posterior tibial tendon
Type II- larger, detached by less than 2mm and often symptomatic
Type III- fused to navicular cornuate or gorrilloid.
Marti weber classification of fx of neck and body of the talus
Type I-Fracture distal to the neck of the talus
Type II-Undisplaced fracture of the head and body of the talus
Type III-Displaced fracture of neck and body
Type IV-Fracture of the neck and body with dislocation of talar body from ankle mortice.
Ficat and arlet
• stage 0
o plain radiograph: normal
o MRI: normal
o clinical symptoms: nil
• stage I
o plain radiograph: normal or minor osteopenia
o MRI: oedema
o bone scan: increased uptake
o clinical symptoms: pain typically in the groin
• stage II
o plain radiograph: mixed osteopenia and/or sclerosis and/or subchondral cysts, without any subchondral lucency (crescent sign: see below)
o MRI: geographic defect
o bone scan: increased uptake
o clinical symptoms: pain and stiffness
• stage III
plain radiograph: crescent sign and eventual cortical collapse. The crescent sign of avascular necrosis is seen on conventional radiographs and refers to a linear area of subchondral lucency seen most frequently in the anterolateral aspect of the proximal femoral head (which is optimally depicted on the frog-leg radiographic view). It indicates imminent articular collapse.
o
o MRI: same as plain radiograph
o clinical symptoms: pain and stiffness+/- radiation to knee and limp
• stage IV
o plain radiograph: end-stage with evidence of secondary degenerative change
o MRI: same as plain radiograph
o clinical symptoms: pain and limp
Coughlin and shurnas class of hallux limitus
0=40-60 degrees. no pain 1= 30-40 dorsal osteophyte 2=10-30 flattening 3=<10. cysts, erosions 4= lose bodies and osteochondral
Kellgren and lawrence ankle arthritis
Grade 1. doubtful narrowing of joint space and possible osteophytic lipping
Grade 2. definite osteophytes, definite narrowing of joint space
Grade 3. moderate multiple osteophytes, definite narrowing of joints space, some sclerosis and possible deformity of bone contour
Grade 4 large osteophytes, marked narrowing of joint space, severe sclerosis and definite deformity of bone contour
modified outerbridge classification of articular arthritis
Grade 0 Normal cartilage
Grade 1 Cartilage with softening and swelling
Grade 2 Partial thickness defect but no exposed subchondral bone
Grade 3 Exposed subchondral bone over some of the area
Grade 4 Exposed subchondral bone over the entire area
Takakura classification ankle arthritis
1=sclerosis and osteophite 2=medial joint space narrow 3a=med mall joint space obliterated 3b=obliterated talar dome 4= complete bone contact
