Questions

Question 1

Vitamin K will reverse the effects of which toxicants?
A. Zinc Phosphide
B. Brodifacoum
C. Bromethalin
D. Metaldehyde

Answer 1

B. Brodifacoum

-it is a vit K depleting toxin

Question 2

What intoxication will not benefit from activated charcoal?
A. Baclofen 
B. Cholecalciferol 
C. Zinc
D. Acetaminophen

Answer 2

C. Heavy metals are not absorbed by AC. Therefore zinc is the correct answer. Treatment for the other three toxins will benefit from AC.

Question 3

3. For what toxicants is atropine an antidote?
A. Pyrethrin
B. Ethylene glycol 
C. Organophosphates
D. Zinc

Answer 3

C. organophosphates are cholinergic toxins and atropine is an anti-cholinergic.

Question 4

4. Ethyl alcohol and fomepizole act as antidotes to ethylene glycol by:
   A. Free radical scavenging
   B. Blocking site of metabolism
   C. Chelation (removal of heavy metals in the body)
   D. Acidification

Answer 4

B. Both fomepizole and ethanol compete with ethylene glycol for the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase and therefore block the site from the toxin once the antidote attaches

Question 5

5. Following the ingestion of a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide, how long should treatment of Vitamin K be administered?

Answer 5

C. Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides last twice as long as first generation ones, so treatment should be continued for 30 days

Question 6

6. Administration of what substance will cause a false positive on an in house ethylene glycol test if given prior to testing?
   A. Diazepam
   B. Famotidine (Histamine H2 receptor agonist- inhibits stomach acid production)
   C. LRS
   D. 50% Dextrose

Answer 6

A. Diazepam has propylene glycol in its carries solution and therefore can cause a false positive on the in-house ethylene glycol tests

Question 7

7. What is the time of the peak plasma concentration of xylitol after ingestion by the dog?
A. 15 mins
B. 30mins 
C. 3 hours
D. 6 hours

Answer 7

B. Xylitol clinical signs can be rapid in onset due to its ease of absorption and can appear as quickly as 30 mins when peak plasma concentration occurs.

Question 8

8. Cholecalciferol causes kidney injury by increasing levels of:
A. Potassium
B. Sodium 
C. Magnesium
D. Calcium

Answer 8

D. Cholecalciferol is vitamin D3. It works as a rodenticide by activation to calcitriol which increases serum calcium levels by increasing intestinal, bone and renal tubular resorption of calcium. This leads to acute renal failure and cardiac arrhythmias because of metastatic calcification.

Question 9

9. Which of the following is not used as a serotonin antagonist? 
A. Cyproheptadine
B. Procainamide
C. Chlorpromazine
D. Acepromazine

Answer 9

B. Procainamide is a sodium channel blocker.
The biggest concern of SSRI overdose is serotonin syndrome, which results from excess serotonergic agonism of the serotonin receptors in the CNS and peripheral nervous systems. Phenothiazines such as acepromazine and chlorpromazine, as well as cyproheptadine are serotoninergic antagonists.