Questions

Question 1

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 1

I”null hypothesis” is a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena, or no association among groups

Question 2

What are these types of smapling:

A. Snowball sample
B. Purposive sample
C. Systematic sample
D. Stratified random sample

Answer 2

snowball sampling is where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.

a non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study. Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling

in which sample members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval

is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller groups known as strata. In stratified random sampling, or stratification, the strata are formed based on members’ shared attributes or characteristics.

Question 3

What’s smapling bias>?

independent variable?

Answer 3

is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others

a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.

Question 4

What are:

A. Experimental
B. Case-study
C. Cohort
D. Case-control

Answer 4

Experimental studies are studies in which the investigator artificially manipulates study factors or subjects, such as therapeutic regimen, or some other parameter.

a process or record of research into the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time.

Definition. A study design where one or more samples (called cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it.

A case-control study is designed to help determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome (i.e., disease or condition of interest). In theory, the case-control study can be described simply. First, identify the cases (a group known to have the outcome) and the controls (a group known to be free of the outcome

Question 5

What is ordinal data?

Answer 5

Ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories is not known.

Question 6

13. What measure of central tendency should be used with non-normally distributed continuous data?

Answer 6

Median

Question 7

14. Which of below is an appropriate measurement to use in determining the normality of a data distribution?
A. Mean
B. Kurtosis
C. Standard error of the mean
D. Interquartile range

Answer 7

B

Question 8

What is the median?

Answer 8

The midpoint of data ordered numerically

Question 9

17. Which measurement below measures the average difference of data points from the mean of a set of data?

Answer 9

Standard deviation

Question 10

what is P value?

Answer 10

When you perform a hypothesis test in statistics, a p-value helps you determine the significance of your results. … The p-value is a number between 0 and 1 and interpreted in the following way: A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, so you reject the null hypothesis.

Question 11

What is wilcoxon’s signed rank test for?

Answer 11

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric statistical hypothesis test used to compare two related samples, matched samples, or repeated measurements on a single sample to assess whether their population mean ranks differ (i.e. it is a paired difference test).

Question 12

Why is range a poor measure of data distribution?

A. Range uses only two values from a data set
B. Range is strongly influenced by outliers
C. Range is typically positively correlated with sample size
D. All of above

Answer 12

Ans:D

Question 13

15. Which histogram in the appendix shows platykurtosis (Figures 1-4)

Answer 13

(long and flat)

Question 14

Which of below is not true of the standard normal distribution?
A. Approximately two thirds of data is within one standard deviation of the mean
B. Z = -2 means two standard deviations less than the mean
C. It has mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1
D. It has mean = 1 and standard deviation = 0

Answer 14

D

Question 15

What’s the CHi squared test?

Answer 15

The Chi-Square test of independence is used to determine if there is a significant relationship between two nominal (categorical) variables. … The chi-square test of independence can be used to examine this relationship.

Question 16

25. Tables 3 and 4 show the result of an independent samples t test for a study comparing visual analogue pain scores (mm) for two groups, one group received OMT plus standard care and the other received standard care alone. Which is the correct report of the results?

Answer 16

(look for similar nubmers)

Question 17

Which of the following is not a type of qualitative methodology?
A. Phenomenology
B. Discourse analysis
C. Grounded theory
D. Randomized control trial

Answer 17

D

Question 18

Which one of the following research designs could be used to help understand how people socially interact to construct professional identities?
A. Quasi-experimental study
B. Case-control study
C. Grounded theory
D. Cross sectional questionnaire study

Answer 18

C

Question 19

What’s an outcome measure?

Answer 19

An outcome measure is the result of a test that is used to objectively determine the baseline function of a patient at the beginning of treatment. Once treatment has commenced, the same instrument can be used to determine progress and treatment efficacy

Question 20

How would the stratification of the randomisation potentially reduce bias?

Answer 20

The objective is to improve the precision of the sample by reducing sampling error. It can produce a weighted mean that has less variability than the arithmetic mean of a simple random sample of the population.

If measurements within strata have lower standard deviation, stratification gives smaller error in estimation

Question 21

What is effect size?

Answer 21

Effect size magnitude corresponds to the magnitude (or size) of yielded difference between the results of two groups.

Question 22

What are repeated measures?

Answer 22

Repeated measures design uses the same subjects with every branch of research, including the control. For instance, repeated measurements are collected in a longitudinal study in which change over time is assessed