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Gross Anatomy I - Unit 3 > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the borders of the thoracic cavity?

A

-Anterior: Sternum
-Posterior: 12 ribs, thoracic vertebrae
-Laterally: ribs/intercostal muscles
-Superior: 1st rib
Inferior: Diaphragm

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2
Q

what are the contents of the thorax? (4)

A

(1) heart
(2) lungs
(3) superior thoracic aperture
(4) inferior thoracic aperture

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3
Q

what is the superior thoracic aperture? where’s it located?

A

also known as the thoracic inlet; opening at the top of the thoracic cavity to allow structures to enter the thorax

It’s borders are the T1 vertebrae, 1st rib, and manubrium

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4
Q

what goes through the superior aperture? (7)

A

(1) trachea
(2) esophagus
(3) thoracic duct
(4) nerves: phrenic, vagus, sympathetic trunks
(5) arteries: left/right common carotid; left/right subclavian
(6) veins: internal jugular; brachiocephalic
(7) lymph nodes and vessels

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5
Q

what are the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

12th vertebrae; 11th and 12th rib and costal cartilage; diaphragm

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6
Q

what goes through the inferior aperture? (6)

A

(1) inferior vena cava
(2) esophagus
(3) abdominal aorta
(4) thoracic duct
(5) splanchnic nerves
(6) azygos vein

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7
Q

which ribs are true ribs that attach directly to the sternum?

A

ribs 1-7

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8
Q

which ribs are called false ribs?

A

8-10

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9
Q

which ribs are floating ribs?

A

11-12

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10
Q

which ribs are considered typical ribs? which ones are atypical?

A

typical: ribs 3-9

a-typical: 1, 2, 10-12

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11
Q

what are costochondral joints?

A

articulations between ribs and costal cartilage

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12
Q

what are interchondral joints?

A

articulation between two pieces of cartilage

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13
Q

how many costovertebral joints are there?

A

24 (articulation between head of rib and vertebrae)

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14
Q

how many costotransverse joints are there?

A

18

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15
Q

how many sternocostal joints are there?

A

14 (ribs 3-9 on both sides)

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16
Q

how many costochondral joints?

A

20 (ribs 1-10 on both sides)

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17
Q

how many interchrondal joints?

A

8 (6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 on both sides)

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18
Q

what arteries supply blood to the anterior intercostal spaces?

A

Anterior
-spaces 1-6: internal thoracic artery
(at 6th intercostal space, internal thoracic splits into musculophrenic & superior epigastric artery)
-spaces 7, 8, 9: musculophrenic artery

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19
Q

what arteries supply blood to the posterior intercostal spaces?

A
  • Posterior*
  • 1st and 2nd spaces: supreme throacic artery
  • spaces 3-11: thoracic aorta
  • below rib 12: subcostal artery (branches off thoracic aorta)
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20
Q

where does the internal thoracic artery and supreme thoracic artery branch off of?

A

the subclavian artery

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21
Q

where do the anterior costal veins drain?

A
  • Anterior*
  • spaces 1-6: internal thoracic vein
  • spaces 7, 8, 9: musculophrenic vein
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22
Q

where do the posterior costal veins drain on the RIGHT SIDE?

A 
*Posterior*
RIGHT SIDE
-1st space: supreme intercostal vein
-spaces 2-11: azygos vein (to superior VC)
-below 12th rib: subcostal vein
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23
Q

where do the posterior costal veins drain on the LEFT SIDE?

A 
*Posterior*
LEFT SIDE
-spaces 1-4: superior thoracic vein
-spaces 5-8: acessory hemiazygos vein
-spaces 9-11: hemiazygos vein
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24
Q

where does the acessory hemiazygos vein drain?

A

it drains inferior to the communicating branch, where it goes to the azygos vein

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25
Q

where does the hemiazygos vein drain?

A

it drains superior to the communicating branch, where it goes to the azygos vein

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26
Q

what are the ventral rami of T1-T12 called?

A
  • vental rami T1-T12 are called intercostal nerves

- ventral ramus of T12 is called the subcostal nerve

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27
Q

where do the veins, arteries, and nerves run for the ribs? what order from superior to inferior?

A

(1) all run along the costal groove

2) vein&raquo_space; artery&raquo_space; nerve (remember VAN

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28
Q

the intercostal nerve has a proximal branch, what’s it called?

A

lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve

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29
Q

what branches off the lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerves? (2)

A

an anterior and posterior branch

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30
Q

once the intercostal nerve reaches the parasternal line, what does it turn into?

A

anterior cutaneous nerve

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31
Q

what does the anterior cutaneous nerve branch into? (2)

A

medial and lateral branches

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32
Q

what are the borders of the superior mediastinum?

A

the same borders as the thoracic inlet, except it’s extended inferiorly to sternal angle and T4-T5 posteriorly

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33
Q

what are the contents of the superior mediastinum? (8)

A

(1) thymus
(2) Internal thoracic artery and vein
(3) Brachiocephalic vein and trunk
(4) Left common carotid, Left subclavian arteries
(5) trachea
(6) esophagus
(7) vagus, recurrent laryngeal, and phrenic nerves
(8) thoracic duct

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34
Q

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch off of? what does it innervate?

A

vagus nerve; voice box

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35
Q

where is the anterior mediastinum located?

A

narrow space between sternum and pericardium of heart

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36
Q

what’s located in the anterior mediastinum?

A

thymus in infants; connective and fat tissue in adults

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37
Q

what is located in the middle mediastinum?

A

the heart & pericardial sac

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38
Q

what’s located in the posterior mediastinum? (5)

A

(1) thoracic aorta
(2) azygos, hemiazygos, acessory azygos veins
(3) esophagus
(4) thoracic duct
(5) sympathetic trunk

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39
Q

where is the posterior mediastinum located?

A

from posterior aspect of heart to the vertebral bodies

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40
Q

what is the function of the fossa ovalis?

A

before birth, where blood would be shunted from right side to left side of the heart to bypass the lungs

41
Q

what are the muscular bands of the right atrium called?

A

musculae pectinae

42
Q

what is the separation in the right atrium from smooth to the muscular bands called?

A

cristae terminalis

43
Q

where is the opening for the coronary sinus located?

A

the right atrium

44
Q

what is the valve between the right atrium and ventricle called?

A

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

45
Q

what are the cusps of AV valves held by?

A

chordae tendinae (which attach to papillary muscles)

46
Q

what are the thick ridges in the ventricles called?

A

trabeculae carnae

47
Q

what is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle called?

A

left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral)

48
Q

where are the openings for the coronary arteries located?

A

ascending aorta

49
Q

which valves have 3 cusps?

A

(1) right AV valve
(2) pulmonary valve
(3) aortic valve

50
Q

where do the bronchial arteries branch off of?

A

thoracic aorta

51
Q

where does the esophageal artery branch off of?

A

thoracic aorta

52
Q

where do the superior phrenic arteries branch off of?

A

thoracic aorta

53
Q

what does the left coronary artery split into?

A

(1) anterior ventricular artery

(2) circumflex artery

54
Q

what branches off the circumflex artery?

A

left marginal artery

55
Q

what arteries come off the right coronary artery?

A

(1) right marginal artery

(2) posterior interventricular artery

56
Q

what does the right coronary artery eventually end up connecting to?

A

circumflex artery

57
Q

where doe the anterior and posterior interventricular arteries anastomose?

A

near the apex

58
Q

what vein runs alongside the right coronary artery?

A

small cardiac vein

59
Q

where does the great cardiac vein run?

A

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

60
Q

where does the middle cardiac vein run?

A

posterior interventicular artery

61
Q

where does all blood of the heart end up draining?

A

coronary sinus

62
Q

what is the name of the specialized cardiac cells associated with the conduction system within the heart?

A

purkinje cells

63
Q

what are the 5 structures that make up the conduction system?

A
  • SA Node
  • AV Node
  • Bundle of HIS (Atrioventricular Bundle) -R & L Bundle Branches
  • Subendocardial branches
64
Q

what 2 structures make up the cardiac plexus?

A

(1) Vagus nerve

(2) Sympathetic Trunk

65
Q

where do the cardiac nerves branch off of?

A

sympathetic ganglia of C1-C8 and T1-T5

66
Q

where does the coronary plexus run?

A

along the left and right coronary arteries

67
Q

what does the coronary plexus innervate?

A

SA Node; also contain afferent fibers for pain, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

68
Q

in fetal development, what does the heart begin as?

A

two tubes that make up the right and left sides of the heart

69
Q

what two pathways does a fetal heart use to supply oxygenated blood to left atrium?

A

(1) foramen ovale

(2) ductus arteriosus

70
Q

what does the foramen ovale do?

A

shunts blood between right in left atrium (fetal)

71
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus do?

A

shunt blood between pulmonary artery and aorta

72
Q

what is the condition Patent Foramen Ovale? what are the effects?

A

when fossa ovale doesn’t close after birth;

leads to increased levels of deoxygenated blood in system

73
Q

what is the condition Interventricular Septal Defect? what are the effects?

A

opening between left and right ventricle (congenital);
blood flows back into right ventricle causing less blood to be circulated. This causes more blood to be pushed to lungs causing right sided congestive heart failure.

74
Q

what happens with Tetralogy of Fallot? (4) what are the effects? (3)

A

(1) interventricular septal defect
(2) narrowed opening of pulmonary trunk
(3) aorta opens into left and right ventricles
(4) right ventricular hypertrophy
Effects
(1) O2 desaturation
(2) inefficient pump
(3) R sided congestive heart failure

75
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

76
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

77
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have?

A

upper lobe: 5

lower lobe: 5

78
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have?

A

upper lobe: 3
middle lobe: 2
lower lobe: 5

79
Q

what bronchopulmonary segments does the superior lobe have on the right that it doesn’t have on the left?

A

(1) superior lingual

(2) inferior lingual

80
Q

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the right upper lobe?

A

upper lobe: 3

(1) apical
(2) anterior
(3) posterior

81
Q

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the right middle lobe?

A

middle lobe: 2

(1) medial
(2) lateral

82
Q

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the right lower lobe?

A

lower lobe: 5

(1) superior
(2) anterior basal
(3) posterior basal
(4) medial basal
(5) lateral basal

83
Q

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe?

A

upper lobe: 5

(1) apical
(2) anterior
(3) posterior
(4) superior lingual
(5) inferior lingual

84
Q

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe?

A

lower lobe: 5

(1) superior
(2) anterior basal
(3) posterior basal
(4) medial basal
(5) lateral basal

85
Q

how deep do pulmonary arteries go into the lungs?

A

branch into secondary lobular (go into lobes) which then branch to tertiary segmental arteries (go into bronchopulmonary segments)

86
Q

what lobes does the right superior pulmonary vein drain blood from?

A

right upper and middle lobes

87
Q

what lobes does the left superior pulmonary vein drain blood from?

A

left superior lobe

88
Q

what lobes do the inferior pulmonary veins drain blood from?

A

both lower lobes

89
Q

what do the bronchial arteries do?

A

supply the lungs with blood

90
Q

what arteries supply the left lung with blood?

A

2 left bronchials branch from the thoracic aorta

91
Q

what arteries supply the right lung with blood?

A

3rd right posterior intercostal artery (sometimes the right lung is supplied by a right bronchial artery off the thoracic aorta instead)

92
Q

where do the bronchial veins drain?

A 
right
(1) azygos
left
(1) left superior intercostal vein
(2) accessory hemiazygos vein
93
Q

how many secondary bronchi are in each of the lungs?

A

left: 2
right: 3
(one per each lobe of the lungs)

94
Q

how many tertiary bronchi in each of the lungs?

A

left: 10
right: 10
(named by the bronchiopulmonary segment they reside in)

95
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Trachea, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary bronchi

96
Q

what is found in the secondary and tertiary bronchi between the hyaline cartilage?

A

smooth muscle

97
Q

what makes up the terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

rings of smooth muscle (no hyaline)

98
Q

what is the purpose of pneumocytes (Type I cells)?

A

on alveoli are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange

99
Q

what is the purpose of type II cells?

A

cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

Gross Anatomy I - Unit 3 (1 decks)

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