Questions Flashcards
What factors affect risk control techniques ?
The present state of technology Companies finances (economic state) Public expectancy Legal requirements Level of insurance premiums Confidence of risk management process and the risk manager Human factors
What are the moral legal and financial reasons for managing H&S
-S society expects
-H employees should place H &S as high priority to show they care
R- employers owe a reasonable duty of care to employees
U- it is unacceptable to expose employees to exception risk.
R- right thing to do
Legal
Preventative - legal enforcement and action (notices)
Punitive- where the criminal courts impose fines and prosecution.
Compensation- claims in the civil courts
Financial
Costs see another question
Elements of HSG 65 and OHSAS 18001
HSG 65
Plan- policy (write your plan down)
and planning- plan what you want to achieve, who will be responsible for what, how you will achieve your aims, how you will measure your success, specific legal requirements that apply to you, consider fire and other emergencies, co operate with others sharing property.
Do- identify your risk profile, (what can cause harm, who will be affected,biggest business risk)
organisation - your work activities, involve workers and communicate, provide resources and competence advice, develop positive behaviour.
implement your plan- decide the preventative and protective measures, provide right tools and equipment, train and instruct. Supervise
Check- measure your performance (make sure plan is implemented and working)
and investigate accidents and injuries, near misses etc
Act- review your performance and learn from lessons
OHSAS 18001 Occ health and safety policy Planning Operation and implementation Checking and corrective action Management review Continuous improvement
What are the headings of Sections 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,20,36,37 of HASAWA. And reg 21 MHSWR 1999
2 Employers 3 non employees 4 Landlords owners and property owners 6 suppliers manufacturers distributors etc 7 employees 8 interfere misuse 9 no charge 20 enforcement 36 prosecution of other persons 37 offences by senior managers Reg 21 R vs British Steel
ELSIC
What are the essential features of a simple contract ?
What types of contract are they ?
How long is a simple contract valid ?
-An Agreement, between the parties /the joining of minds
-Consideration- something of value must be given in exchanged for a promise
Legal relations (intention to create legal relations so there’s legal consequences.
- legal capacity 18, sound in mind not pissed
- no legal circumstances (valid, unforeseeable, legal)
Types-
- Written
- Verbal - equally as valid as written but more difficulty to enforce.
- Express - all terms of contract (agreement, consideration) are written and specifically stated
- implied - something that may not be written but still applies e.g. Employer owes a duty of care to employees.
A simple contract is only valid for six years. Legal action only applies for six years after date agreement.
What are direct and indirect costs
What are insured and uninsured costs
F- fines and fees (D) I- increased insurance ( public liability, EL and vehicles ) (I) R- reputations loss (I) S- sick pay (D) T - training / retraining (I) A- accident investigation (D) I- increased premiums (I) D- damage to plant, vehicles and machinery (D)
Discrimination act 2010
What are the categories of discrimination ?
Harassment - complaint calling names
P- perspective -age 20 but looks younger
A- associate - relative or friend disabled
I- indirect Rule -that singles out
D- Direct - discriminated because of a protected characteristic
What should the significant finds in a risk assessment include ?
The corrective and preventative and protective action is shown and displayed
Any further action required to control risks further.
Indicate that a suitable and sufficient risk assessment has been carried out.
What does CHIPPCRATCHETY stand for
Competent persons 7 Health Surveillance 6 Information to employees 10 Procedures for Irene to danger 8 Principles of Prevention 4 Co operation and co-ordination 11 Risk Assessment 3 Arrangements 5 Training 13 Contact with external services 9 Host employees Employees duties 14 Temporary workers Young persons
What are the arguments for and against integration of Management systems ?
Advantages of integration
-Likely to be more cost effective
Improvements from one system carry over into another.
- avoidance of duplication
- better decision making across the organisation
- more rewarding career for specialist in each area.
- good culture in one will move over to another
- IMS will involve overall reviews.
- increased competitive edge
Disadvantages of
- Increased burocacy
- Existing system may work well already
- Negative culture carried over to others
- system requirements may vary across disciplines.
- Single system recognised by HSE and enforcement.
What are HSE directors guides (leading change)
S- strong and active leadership from the top
W- worker involvement
AR- assessment and review
S- visible active commitment.
Effective downward comms & management structures, H&S integrated with business decisions
W- effective upward comms, engaging workers in promotion of effective H&S conditions.
AR- review once a year, policy reflects priorities, effective H&S risk management, effective reports to board.
What is the Procedure for making Legislation ?
Green paper- statement of intent, tentative approach, engage with trade unions, seek feedback on proposals and public opinion
White paper- statement of policy, broad lines of legislation, facts, debated by opposition, on sale to public
It then becomes a bill, bills may progress through either house (commons /lords)
First reading - Brief explanation, title read out and names involved, no debate and date set for next reading.
Second reading- discussion of bills principles ( if it fails it can’t proceed any further)
Committee stage (standing 50, select, whole house) its subject to close scrutiny and amendments are allowed at this stage.
Report - scrutinised again if amended at committee stage and can go back to a different committee. If no amendments at previous stage it’s a formality.
Third - if survived the bill is passed to other house and if no amendments and it’s voted favourably it gets the royal ascent and becomes law.
Made, laid and passed i
What are the discrimination protected characteristics ?
G-gender R- Race A- Age M- marriage P- pregnancy S- sex Believe Disabled
What the three categories of risk acceptability tolerability ?
Acceptable = no further action, risks are trivial and easily controlled. Can be controlled at low levels
Tolerable = fall between acc and unn, society is prepared to endure such risk due to time, cost and effort for further risk reduction.
unacceptable = cannot be justified (extremely rarely allowed) despite benefits they bring
Identify 5 external bodies or individuals a safety representative may liaise with
Police Fire Environmental Agency HSE Contractors Insurance companies The public Occ health Local authorities
What are the five steps to risk assessment as described by the HSE ?
Identify the hazards Decide who can be harmed and how Evaluate the risks and introduce controls / precautions Record your findings and implement them Review your findings and update them.
Remember Risk assessments do make certain assumptions
Explain the terms Qualitative and Quantitative risk assessment
Qualitative = most common, risks are represented by simple word descriptions. Comprehensive description of hazards from specified activities. People or the environment, represented by broad categories.
Quantitative = represented by the frequency or probability of a specified level of harm from a specific task. QRA or PRA probabilistic.
Semi both combined
What sources of information support hazard ID ? E and I and what are there benefits / limitations ?
E HSE Rospa Iosh Insurance companies Emas Employment medical advice service World Heath organisation British safety council European agency for safety and health Trade unions I Absence records Accidents data Maintenance records Neat miss data
Advantages of E More info / larger sample Categorised by industry Dis of E May not be applicable to workplace May use different abbreviations etc May not cater for contractors / overtime as only states employees No indication of severity
A of I
Specific to site and risk assessment
Small numbers
Dis of I
Smaller numbers
Types of Hazard ID techniques
Observation = observe task and see first hand + behavioural
Task analysis = break down task into steps to identify weaknesses
Checklist = HSE 4 p’s people, behavioural and culture. Check management of tasks
premises, Access and egress house keeping
plant and substances guards and transportation
procedures, ssow and Ptw
Hazop
Systematic look at a task or procedure, break down into components to identifie and weakness.
-Used at design or modification phase
- look for deviations
- improve system reliability
- specialist team to analyse
Uses guide words
More of
Less of
As well as
Instead of
Solutions are sourced.
What are the two factors that decide the magnitude of risk ?
Likelihood/ probability and consequence/ harm
Risk = Likelihood x consequence
What should the significant finds in a risk assessment include ?
The corrective and preventative and protective action is shown and displayed
Any further action required to control risks further.
Indicate that a suitable and sufficient risk assessment has been carried out.
Risk control minimal standards are defined in ?
Legislation
Acops
Guidance
Brattish standards
To sue successfully for negligence what does the claimant have to prove ?
What are the main defences to negligence ?
The claimant has to prove on the balance of probabilities that :-
A duty of care was owed
The injured person was the neighbour of the defendant
A duty was breached
The breach resulted in harm and the harm was not too remote from the breach
And the type of damage could have been reasonably foreseen because of the negligent act
Defences Denial No duty owed No breach of duty Breach did not lead to damage Breach too remove from harm Volenti non fit injuria Contributory negligence
When deciding on risk reduction actions what is the hierarchy of control ?
Elimination = elimate the hazard completely or reduce the risk as far as you can.
Substitute = the hazard = less risky option, quieter pumps etc
Contain the risk= prevent access to the hazard e.g. Guarding
Reduce exposure to the hazard= reduce number and reduce exposure time.
PPE= for everyone
IITS= competence etc
Welfare arrangements = washing / decontamination
In relation to performance measure explain the terms hardware, software, reactive and proactive monitoring
Hardware
Plant premises substances
Software
People procedures and systems
Active Inspections Tours Audits Surveys
Reactive
Reporting or investigations of accidents
People process and property
What factors influence human behaviour and how do they influence H&S
Personality
Extrovert/introvert
Consientiousness (good for health and safety)
Openess (good for H&S)
Attitude
How someone thinks or beliefs
I.e. Accident in transport and becomes more aware of transport accidents
Aptitude
How they carry out a task, increases with training and supervision
Motivation
How people behave, increases perception of risk if motivated however may get distracted from this by incorrectly fitting ppe etc
Explain the term violation and classify violations as routine, situational, or exceptional.
Violation: deliberate deviation from a rule, procedure, instruction or regulation
Routine, something that become the normal way of working in a group or individual e.g. Speeding
Situational violations:- rules are broke due to some type of pressure e.g. No ppe in store so pressure to continue job without ppe. Deadlines and management pressures
Exceptional violations (rule based behaviour) Occur when things have gone wrong (emergencies) rules are broken to try and rectify the situation.
What are the general principles of prevention e.g. Factors to consider when deciding risk controls
MHSWR 199 schedule 4
avoiding risks
Evaluate the risks that can’t be avoided (suitable RA)
Combat risks at source (prevent entering the work place)
Adapt the work to the person
Adapt to technical progress
Replacing the dangerous for less dangerous
Develop a prevention policy ( robust coherent policy that examines every aspects of the management process)
Prioritising measure (collective over individual measures)
Training iits
Outline the organisational and behavioural factors that may lead to new employees to disregard safety information contained in safety induction training
Organisational
The selection process
Poor attitude and ability
A poor induction process
Fails to engage, poor information, not applicable
No refresher training
Lack of supervision
Peer group pressure
Poor safety culture - including lack of management commitment
Behavioural
A lack of familiarity of work environment
Poor risk perception age, experience etc
Cultural issues beliefs and values they bring to the process
Language barriers
Sensory impairment deafened or sight
Low iq poor mental state
Give the meaning of the following in the context of controlling human error:- Ergonomics Anthropometry Task analysis Motivation Attitude
Ergonomic :The design of equipment can limit and control human failure
Anthropometry : data on human physical dimensions and its application to equipment design
Task analysis
The breaking down of a task into successive more detailed actions to analyse human error in each station.
Motivation: is a driving force which encourages people to behave in a certain way
Attitude: is predetermined behaviour built up around experience or similar situations
A shorthand way of responding to a situation
What are the general duties owed by parties ?
What is the extent of duty of care .
An employer owes a duty to their employees and contractors and visitors
Employees owe duty to other employees and contractors
Contractors owe a duty to employers/ clients employees, other contractors
Manufacturer owe a duty to suppliers and consumers
Duty owed by designers suppliers etc
If the product is defective the users and anyone in proximity can sue.
Occupiers visitors
More vulnerable employees extra duty of care
Proximity = parties must be reasonably proximate to each other
Reasonableness = fair just and reasonable to impose a duty
Reasonably foreseeability = the defence should have reasonably foreseen that the act would cause harm.
What is the meaning of suitable and sufficient ?
The significant risks arising from or in relation to the work are identified.
The details in the assessment (controls
) are proportionate to the risk
The most hazardous sites require the most sophisticated risk assessments
The assessment identifies all at risk by activities.
There is a period of time to which it is valid.
What are FTA and ETA used for and what are their limitations ?
FTA
Based on multi case theory reason etc
Start with top event e.g. Accident or other undesirable event.
Top down approach using and or or gates and symbols.
The immediate or other causes are explored.
Focuses on the preventative measures
ETA
Based on multiple causes after the event
Starts with initial event and progress horizontally left to right.
Used to investigate the consequences of cost making events.
Mitigation measures.
Damage to which tort feasor is liable ?
How does occ health differ ?
Physical injury Psychology harm Property damage Medical expenses Loss of income The harm must be of a foreseeable kind
Occ health differs as it may be some time until the link between exposure and damage are established. Harm may not be obvious
Due to this the courts have had to establish a date of knowledge. The date in which the employer should of been aware of the risks associated. Asbestos etc
Explain the terms Qualitative and Quantitative risk assessment
Qualitative = most common, risks are represented by simple word descriptions. Comprehensive description of hazards from specified activities. People or the environment, represented by broad categories.
Quantitative = represented by the frequency or probability of a specified level of harm from a specific task. QRA or PRA probabilistic.
Semi both combined
What is a ssow, what are the legal and practical requirements and what are its components ?
How is a risk assessment used in development of ssow ?
Work is organised in a logical and methodical manner to remove hazards or minimise risks. A simple step by step procedure that takes into account hazards,controls, (components) to produce an acceptable level of safety.
Legal hasawa section 2 2 (a) safe plant and ssow.
Components
Bringing together of people, equipment, materials and the environment.
AIDIM
Analyse the task from start to finish
How what why who
Identify hazards associated
Risk assessment
Task analysis
Job safety analysis
Develop the controls and working methods Level of risk Frequency of task Complexity of task Capabilities of operators Complexity of precautions
Implement they system with written procedures and or training Communicate effectively Easy to understand and user friendly Effective training Don't take short cuts Supervision and discipline
Monitor the system Check with audits and inspections Random inspections Audits Near miss accident reports Are standards being maintained Employees still cooperating Any changes in the work place ?
