Questions Flashcards
Which ancient greek philosopher focused on marine biology?
Aristotle
On what boat did Darwin sail and where did he spend most of his time?
Beagle
Galapagos
Which type of books had mythical creatures inside?
Beastiaries
Which two additions to ships helped advance oceanography in the 19th century?
Steamship - smokestack
Steel wire rope
Which vessel was the first to probe the depths of the deepest part of the ocean?
Challenger
How old is the universe
14 billion years
How old is the earth
4.6 billion years
when was the oxygen revolution on Earth?
2.5 billion years
Which organism were responsible for the oxygen revolution
cyanobacteria
What are stromatolites
Rocks of cemented cyanobacteria, layered bio-chemical accretionary structures
what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
prokaryotes have naked DNA
What organism is left out of the tree of life
virus
examples of cyanobacteria
trichodesmium
prochloroccus
What eukaryotic marine organism can cause red tides and doesn’t form sediments
dinoflagellates
Marine phytoplankton that has a whip + sediment type
coccolithophores + calcium carbonate
Marine phytoplankton that doesn’t have a whip + sediment type
diatom + siliceous ooze
Name two animal plankton that form sediment
radiolarian - siliceous
forminifera - calcium carbonate
Most abundant omnivore in eh ocean
copepod
most abundant carnivore
arrow worm
how do seastars and molluscs move
tube feet
adaption of cuttlefish
ink for concealment
how to shellfish such as scallops move
clapping jaws
instead of ships what are used
satellite and submarines
what did Darwin proposed
earth older than 1000 years
single family tree
evolution
name other big boats
challenger, blake, meteor, discovery, atlantis, galathea
give reason for expedition
deep sea telegraph cable
how old is the ocean
4 billion years
how old are cyanobacteria
3.4 billion years
what bacteria makes you seasick and decomposes dead and harms coral
vibrio
which cyanobacteria fix nitrogen
trichodesmium
what is the most common cyanobacteria
prochlorococcus - low nutrient requirement
where are marine fungi found?
rotting wood
what are acantarians
strange radiolarians with sketeons that dissolve quickly after the animal dies
give an example of green algae that makes calcium carbonate
halimeda
which red algae sticks coral together
red coralline algae
which brown algae washes up on the beach
giant kelp
where are sea grasses found
shallow in meadows with flowers, fruits and seeds
what are mangrove trees like
flowering, bugger coasts from damage, provide nutrients, food chain, baby fish
what sketelon do sponges have
calcium carbonate or silica
give examples of cnidarians
anemones, jellyfish, siphonophores, coral
what are siphonophores made of
gas filled float and tenticles
examples of molluscs
snails, slugs, clams, squid, octopus, sea butterflies, bivalves
examples of arthropods
sea striders, and crustaceans; lobsters, crabs, shrimp and copepods, barnacles
which worm lives in hydrothermal vents
riftia
examples of echinoderms
sea urchins, sea cucumbers and starfish
examples of vertebrates
iguanas, sea snakes, fishes, sharks, mammals
in 1 milliter how many viruses are there?
10 million
in 1 milliter how many bacteria are there?
1 million
in 1 milliter how many cyanobacteria are there?
100,000
in 1 milliter how many phytoplankton are there
1000
what are the 4 main life styles in the sea
pleuston
plankton
nekton
benthos
where is pleuston
only at air water interface
where is plankton
surface and gradually throughout sea
where is nekton
mainly at surface and bottom
what is the epipelagic zone
0-200m
what is the mesopelagic zone
200-1000m
what is the bathypelagic zone
1000- bottom
where is the benthos zone
intertidal to 50m
general characteristics of pleuston
mostly animals, 1 plant, few species, many individuals of each species, tropical/sub-tropical, blue or purple, natural UV blockers
animals in pleuston
siphonophores, molluscs (snails), purple sea slug, sea strider
which plant lives in pleuston?
Sargasso weed
Main plankton?
prochlorococcus
trichodesium
which is bigger? Animal or plant plankton
animal
where do permeanent animal plankton remain
top
where do temporary animal plankton remain
developmental stages at the top and adults on the bottom
Why do animal plankton migrate?
avoid day predators, avoid plankton poison, use deep countercurrent to stay in one geographical location
give examples of nekton
big shrimp, squid, siphonophores, fish, sharks and mammals
characteristics of animals in epipelagic zone
streamlined and countershaded
characteristics of fish/animals in mesopelgic
unstreamlined, silver fish
red animals
what is the deep scattering layer caused by
animals containing gas bubbles cause sound waves the reflect at gas-water boundary
