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EBCP final > questions > Flashcards

questions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 components of a PICO question?

A

Patient or problem
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

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2
Q

background questions are about?

A

disorder, syndrome or condition

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3
Q

foreground questions are about?

A

patient care= clinical questions

PICO

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4
Q

what are different types of PICO questions?

A

Therapy
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Harm

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5
Q

what are the steps of the EBCP evidence cycle?

A

Ask- clinically relevant question
Acquire- best evidence
Appraise- quality and importance
Apply- evidence in patient care

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6
Q

which type of research takes place in a carefully controlled laboratory, wants to explain simple questions in science and isn’t clinically applicable?

A

basic research

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7
Q

which type of research offers direct clinical applicability, can take place in lab or non-lab settings, goal is to find direct solutions to practical problems?

A

clinical research

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8
Q

what are the 2 sources that determine strength of evidence?

A

sampling

research methods

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9
Q

what is the order of hierarchy of evidence?

A
  1. systematic reviews and meta-analyses
  2. RCTs
  3. non-randomized, observational studies (case control or cohort)
  4. case series, case studies, surveys
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10
Q

which type of research is a report of a presentation, treatment and outcome of a patient (case report) or group of patients?

A

case study

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11
Q

what type of research is good for gathering data about trends in healthcare or prevalence in disease and is also a good way to measure feelings of people on different subjects?

A

survey research

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12
Q

what type of research would be called retrospective design where you start with patients who have a disease and match them with a group of controls who are without the disease but in all other ways are identical?

A

case control study- example 2 groups who both have lung cancer but one group smoked and the other didn’t all same age, sex and similar health profiles

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13
Q

what are case control studies great for?

A

rare conditions
ethically difficult studies
limited resources

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14
Q

what type of research is retrospective or prospective, and looks at a group of people who share a common experience within a defined time period?

A

cohort studies- tend to be long term studies

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15
Q

which cohort study looks at a group in the present and then measures them in the future?

A

prospective

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16
Q

which cohort study looks a group in the present and looks at similarities from the past?

A

retrospective

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17
Q

what is the best type of study to show causation?

A

RCTs

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18
Q

what are some advantages of an RCT?

A

less chance of bias
equalize placebo effect
equal distribution of prognostic factors

downfall- EXPENSIVE

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19
Q

what is a systematic review that statistically combines the results of all included trials?

A

meta-analysis

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20
Q

what are the weaknesses of meta-analysis and systematic reviews?

A

publication bias- negative studies don’t get published so the analysis will be weighed heavy on positive studies

must have strict methodology for search and inclusion

only as strong as the studies that are included

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21
Q

if chiropractors advertise they are good at helping people with LB pain then we will never get to treat anything else. This is an example of?

A

slippery slope

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22
Q

what is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence?

A

hasty generalization

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23
Q

my friend was hurt by a chiro and therefore all chiros are bad. this is an example of?

A

hasty generalization

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24
Q

if A happened before B then A must have caused B. This is an example of?

A

post hoc ergo propter hoc

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25
Q

I adjusted a patient with cancer and they got better, therefore chiropractic cures cancer! This is an example of?

A

post hoc ergo propter hoc

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26
Q

when a person, idea, institute is deemed worthy based on impression of character, nature or reputation we call it what type of logical fallacy?

A

genetic fallacy

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27
Q

when the conclusion is proven within the claim we call this logical fallacy? i.e. vaccines are dangerous so they should be banned

A

begging the question

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28
Q

when you restate an argument rather than proving it you are in a?

A

circular argument

29
Q

when you oversimplify an argument by reducing it to 2 choices you are giving someone an?

A

either/or option- either we ban all cars or we will die like the dinosaurs did

30
Q

when we attack the character of a person rather than the argument or idea this is an example of what type of logical fallacy?

A

ad hominem

31
Q

a logical fallacy that speaks to positive or negative concepts rather than the real issue is called?

A

ad populum- if you were a “real chiropractor” you would be opposed to all drugs and surgery

32
Q

a logical fallacy that switches the argument away from dealing with the original problem and focuses on a different issue its called?

A

red herring

33
Q

sure burning coal leads to more global warming but what will the poor coal miners do for a job?! is what type of criticism?

A

red herring

34
Q

if you don’t support mandatory vaccinations for babies you hate all babies and want them to get sick! this is an example of?

A

straw man- oversimplifying an opponents viewpoint to attack a hollow argument

35
Q

the city council voted for a tax increase to build a children’s park and therefore they are fascist nazis! this is an example of?

A

moral evidence- comparing minor misdeeds with major atrocities

36
Q

balanced assessment of the benefits/strengths and flaws/weaknesses of a study is called?

A

critical appraisal- consideration of qualitative and quantitative aspects

37
Q

what is the numeric set separating the higher half of data set from the lower half?

A

median

38
Q

what is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set?

A

mode

39
Q

when describing how spread out the data is its called?

A

dispersion

40
Q

what is a P value?

A

the probability that the statistical result obtained was due to chance

41
Q

what is the range of most likely values that contain the result?

A

confidence interval- if we did the study 100 times, 95 times we would get a result in this range = 95% CI

42
Q

traditional literature review is different from a systematic review in that?

A

it limits the included literature to that which supports the author’s position

43
Q

with a systematic review, what must be described in a manner that is fully reproducible in order for it to be a good review?

A

literature search strategy

44
Q

what shows the information from an individual study that went into the meta-analysis at a glance?

A

forest plot

45
Q

what is a process by which data from multiple studies are combined?

A

data synthesis

46
Q

by using data synthesis you can substantially increase the size of the sample contributing data for analysis and thus increasing?

A

statistical power and CI

47
Q

without similarity among _____, _______ and _______ meta-analysis is not possible

A

treatments, patients, variables

48
Q

what is the probability of a positive test in someone who has the disease?

A

sensitivity- PID

49
Q

what is the probability of a negative test in someone who doesn’t have the disease?

A

specificity- NIH

50
Q

what is the probability that a patient with a positive test result really does have the disease?

A

PPV- positive predictive value

51
Q

what is the probability that a patient with a negative test result really doesn’t have the disease?

A

NPV- negative predictive value

52
Q

what is the problem with PPV?

A

if the disease prevalence changes, so does the predictive value of the test

53
Q

knowing a likelihood ratio we use what to find the post-test odds?

A

nomogram

54
Q

+ LR tells us?

A

the likelihood of a positive test result in patients with the disease

55
Q

-LR tells us?

A

the likelihood of a negative test in patients without the disease

56
Q

if we prove the null hypothesis we prove?

A

there’s no difference between groups

null=0

57
Q

which test type looks at difference between 2 unpaired groups?

board scores of students at 2 different schools

A

mann-whitney

58
Q

which test type looks at paired groups?

students before and after class

A

wilcoxon and paired t-tests

59
Q

what type of test compares 3 or more groups and report f instead of t?

A

ANOVA- analysis of variance

60
Q

the value of t and F are only significant if what else is significant?

A

p-value

61
Q

which test looks at 3 or more unmatched groups?

A

kruskal-wallis

62
Q

which test looks at 3 or more matched groups?

A

friedman test

63
Q

person’s R is a test of?

A

association- not just random chance

64
Q

which test of association uses rho instead of r for data with non-normal distribution?

A

spearman

65
Q

which test is used to assess the relationship between 2 or more variables using a line plot?

A

linear regression

66
Q

DOE stands for?

A

disease oriented evidence- measures that provide insight into patient’s physiology

67
Q

POEM stands for?

A

patient-oriented evidence that matters- info subjectively reported by patients

68
Q

VAS stands for?

A

visual analog scale

69
Q

OSI stands for?

A

oswestry disability index

EBCP final (1 decks)

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