questions Flashcards
what are the 4 components of a PICO question?
Patient or problem
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
background questions are about?
disorder, syndrome or condition
foreground questions are about?
patient care= clinical questions
PICO
what are different types of PICO questions?
Therapy
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Harm
what are the steps of the EBCP evidence cycle?
Ask- clinically relevant question
Acquire- best evidence
Appraise- quality and importance
Apply- evidence in patient care
which type of research takes place in a carefully controlled laboratory, wants to explain simple questions in science and isn’t clinically applicable?
basic research
which type of research offers direct clinical applicability, can take place in lab or non-lab settings, goal is to find direct solutions to practical problems?
clinical research
what are the 2 sources that determine strength of evidence?
sampling
research methods
what is the order of hierarchy of evidence?
- systematic reviews and meta-analyses
- RCTs
- non-randomized, observational studies (case control or cohort)
- case series, case studies, surveys
which type of research is a report of a presentation, treatment and outcome of a patient (case report) or group of patients?
case study
what type of research is good for gathering data about trends in healthcare or prevalence in disease and is also a good way to measure feelings of people on different subjects?
survey research
what type of research would be called retrospective design where you start with patients who have a disease and match them with a group of controls who are without the disease but in all other ways are identical?
case control study- example 2 groups who both have lung cancer but one group smoked and the other didn’t all same age, sex and similar health profiles
what are case control studies great for?
rare conditions
ethically difficult studies
limited resources
what type of research is retrospective or prospective, and looks at a group of people who share a common experience within a defined time period?
cohort studies- tend to be long term studies
which cohort study looks at a group in the present and then measures them in the future?
prospective
which cohort study looks a group in the present and looks at similarities from the past?
retrospective
what is the best type of study to show causation?
RCTs
what are some advantages of an RCT?
less chance of bias
equalize placebo effect
equal distribution of prognostic factors
downfall- EXPENSIVE
what is a systematic review that statistically combines the results of all included trials?
meta-analysis
what are the weaknesses of meta-analysis and systematic reviews?
publication bias- negative studies don’t get published so the analysis will be weighed heavy on positive studies
must have strict methodology for search and inclusion
only as strong as the studies that are included
if chiropractors advertise they are good at helping people with LB pain then we will never get to treat anything else. This is an example of?
slippery slope
what is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence?
hasty generalization
my friend was hurt by a chiro and therefore all chiros are bad. this is an example of?
hasty generalization
if A happened before B then A must have caused B. This is an example of?
post hoc ergo propter hoc
I adjusted a patient with cancer and they got better, therefore chiropractic cures cancer! This is an example of?
post hoc ergo propter hoc
when a person, idea, institute is deemed worthy based on impression of character, nature or reputation we call it what type of logical fallacy?
genetic fallacy
when the conclusion is proven within the claim we call this logical fallacy? i.e. vaccines are dangerous so they should be banned
begging the question
when you restate an argument rather than proving it you are in a?
circular argument
when you oversimplify an argument by reducing it to 2 choices you are giving someone an?
either/or option- either we ban all cars or we will die like the dinosaurs did
when we attack the character of a person rather than the argument or idea this is an example of what type of logical fallacy?
ad hominem
a logical fallacy that speaks to positive or negative concepts rather than the real issue is called?
ad populum- if you were a “real chiropractor” you would be opposed to all drugs and surgery
a logical fallacy that switches the argument away from dealing with the original problem and focuses on a different issue its called?
red herring
sure burning coal leads to more global warming but what will the poor coal miners do for a job?! is what type of criticism?
red herring
if you don’t support mandatory vaccinations for babies you hate all babies and want them to get sick! this is an example of?
straw man- oversimplifying an opponents viewpoint to attack a hollow argument
the city council voted for a tax increase to build a children’s park and therefore they are fascist nazis! this is an example of?
moral evidence- comparing minor misdeeds with major atrocities
balanced assessment of the benefits/strengths and flaws/weaknesses of a study is called?
critical appraisal- consideration of qualitative and quantitative aspects
what is the numeric set separating the higher half of data set from the lower half?
median
what is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set?
mode
when describing how spread out the data is its called?
dispersion
what is a P value?
the probability that the statistical result obtained was due to chance
what is the range of most likely values that contain the result?
confidence interval- if we did the study 100 times, 95 times we would get a result in this range = 95% CI
traditional literature review is different from a systematic review in that?
it limits the included literature to that which supports the author’s position
with a systematic review, what must be described in a manner that is fully reproducible in order for it to be a good review?
literature search strategy
what shows the information from an individual study that went into the meta-analysis at a glance?
forest plot
what is a process by which data from multiple studies are combined?
data synthesis
by using data synthesis you can substantially increase the size of the sample contributing data for analysis and thus increasing?
statistical power and CI
without similarity among _____, _______ and _______ meta-analysis is not possible
treatments, patients, variables
what is the probability of a positive test in someone who has the disease?
sensitivity- PID
what is the probability of a negative test in someone who doesn’t have the disease?
specificity- NIH
what is the probability that a patient with a positive test result really does have the disease?
PPV- positive predictive value
what is the probability that a patient with a negative test result really doesn’t have the disease?
NPV- negative predictive value
what is the problem with PPV?
if the disease prevalence changes, so does the predictive value of the test
knowing a likelihood ratio we use what to find the post-test odds?
nomogram
+ LR tells us?
the likelihood of a positive test result in patients with the disease
-LR tells us?
the likelihood of a negative test in patients without the disease
if we prove the null hypothesis we prove?
there’s no difference between groups
null=0
which test type looks at difference between 2 unpaired groups?
board scores of students at 2 different schools
mann-whitney
which test type looks at paired groups?
students before and after class
wilcoxon and paired t-tests
what type of test compares 3 or more groups and report f instead of t?
ANOVA- analysis of variance
the value of t and F are only significant if what else is significant?
p-value
which test looks at 3 or more unmatched groups?
kruskal-wallis
which test looks at 3 or more matched groups?
friedman test
person’s R is a test of?
association- not just random chance
which test of association uses rho instead of r for data with non-normal distribution?
spearman
which test is used to assess the relationship between 2 or more variables using a line plot?
linear regression
DOE stands for?
disease oriented evidence- measures that provide insight into patient’s physiology
POEM stands for?
patient-oriented evidence that matters- info subjectively reported by patients
VAS stands for?
visual analog scale
OSI stands for?
oswestry disability index
