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Pharmacology > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Glyceryl trinitrate is administered by all of the following routes EXCEPT…

A

Orally

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2
Q

A patient takes 100mg of a drug with a half-life of 4 hours. After 24 hours how much of the drug will remain?

A

1.56mg

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3
Q

Which tissue receives the most blood flow?

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

The process of facilitated diffusion…

A

Can become saturated

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5
Q

If a patient has cirrhosis of the liver…

A

Plasma half life increases

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6
Q

Consider the oral administration of drugs…

A

The drug should be largely lipid soluble

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7
Q

Phase I reactions…

A

The products can be more chemically reactive than the parent drug

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8
Q

Name an inhaled general anaesthetic

A

Enflurane, Desflurane, isoflurane

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9
Q

What is not a common use for a local anaesthetic?

A

Intravenous injection

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10
Q

Name an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

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11
Q

What can Hypothyroidism be caused by?

A

Iodine deficiency

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12
Q

Glucocorticoids…

A

Must be withdrawn gradually

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13
Q

The combined oral contraceptive pill…

A

Can interact with some hepatic enzyme inducers

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14
Q

Heparin…

A

Inhibits action of thrombin, Factors X & IX

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15
Q

Fibrinolytic drugs…

A

Are used to treat cardiovascular thrombosis

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16
Q

Which drugs interferes with the COX enzyme?

A

Aspirin

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17
Q

Calcium channel blockers (e.g. nifedipine) work by…

A

reducing the force of contraction of the heart

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18
Q

Captopril is an anti-hypertensive drug which blocks the formation of…

A

Angiotensin 11

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19
Q

Which organ is not a target for anti-hypertensive drugs?

A

Liver

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20
Q

Which drug might be used to treat angina pectoris?

A

GTN

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21
Q

Which technique might be used to diagnose a cardiac dysrhythmia?

A

ECG

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22
Q

Which channels are NOT targets for anti-dysrhythmic drugs?

A

Chloride channels

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23
Q

Salbutamol acts on β-receptors. These receptors found in all of the following locations except…

A

The skin

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24
Q

Name a likely side effect of prolonged corticosteroid treatment?

A

Muscle wasting

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25
Q

Name a preventer drug rather than a reliever drug…

A

Beclametasone

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26
Q

Which drug acts on the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Bumetanide

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27
Q

Sprironolactone…

A

Is an example of a potassium-sparing diuretic

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28
Q

Diuretics…

A

May cause postural hypotension

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29
Q

Antacids…

A

Relieve dyspepsia

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30
Q

Antispasmodics such dicycloverine reduce intestinal spasm in…

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

31
Q

Opioid derivatives…

A

May be used to treat acute diarrhea

32
Q

Which of the following statements can be applied to aspirin?

A

Aspirin is effective against mild pain

33
Q

What is the correct pathway for the transfer of sensory information from the nociceptor to the brain?

A

Nociceptor – Dorsal horn of spinal cord – Spinothalamic tract – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex.

34
Q

Morphine…

A

Can cause respiratory depression

35
Q

Nociceptors…

A

Are sensitive to the chemical substances released by damaged cells or tissues

36
Q

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are NOT usually associated with…

A

Constipation

37
Q

Indapamide (thiazide-like diuretic) can have what adverse effect?

A

Erectile dysfunction

38
Q

What is the main difference between unfractionated and low molecular weight (LMW) heparin?

A

Unfractionated forms a complex with antithrombin III, in comparison to LMW which forms a complex with Xa

39
Q

What is not a method of administering Calcitonin?

A

Oral

40
Q

Vasopressin and desmopressin are used for what medical condition?

A

Central diabetes insipidus

41
Q

In cardiac arrest atropine is given because

A

It blocks Vagus activity increasing cardiac rate

42
Q

Digoxin is given daily as its half-life is…

A

36 hours

43
Q

Statins work by…

A

Blocking the enzyme in the liver that is responsible for making cholesterol

44
Q

What is not a side effect of Antimuscarinic drugs?

A

Hypotension

45
Q

How long does it take for the onset of Warfarin’s anticoagulant effect?

A

3-4 days

46
Q

Losartan is often preferred to Enalapril in the treatment of hypotension because it…

A

Does not cause a dry cough

47
Q

Which drug needs to be taken with a potassium supplement?

A

Bendroflumethazide

48
Q

What class of drug is Omalizumab?

A

A humanized antibody

49
Q

Atropine is used to treat…

A

Bradycardia

50
Q

What is the most common side effect of opioid analgesics?

A

Constipation

51
Q

In which region of the GI tract to antispasmodics act?

A

Lower GI tract

52
Q

Oedema is a common side effect of which class of anti-hypertensive drug?

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

53
Q

What is Epoprostenol’s mechanism of action?

A

Inhibits Phosphodiestersase enzyme (PDE)

54
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Opioid Analgesics?

A

Binding to receptors in synapse in the dorsal horn

55
Q

What other class of drug is commonly prescribed to those with long term NSAID use?

A

H+ pump inhibitors

56
Q

What effects do inotropic agents have?

A

Affect intracellular calcium levels causing increased muscle contractility
Decrease cardiac workload
Decreases blood volume

57
Q

Streptokinase…

A

Should not be used in patients after a streptococcal infection

58
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ramipiril?

A

Inhibits the ACE enzyme

59
Q

Clomiphene acts as a…

A

Oestrogen antagonist at receptors in the Hypothalamus

60
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors interfere with the metabolism of which of the following?

A

Diazepam
Phenytoin
Warfarin

61
Q

What is the method of action of Sucralfate?

A

Acts locally to coat ulcers

62
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Omalizumab?

A

Binds to receptors on mast cells to prevent inflammatory mediator release

63
Q

Which routes of administration are most suitable for general anaesthetics?

A

Intravenous and inhalation

64
Q

A common side-effect of the opioid analgesic, morphine is

A

Constipation

65
Q

Binding of drugs to proteins in the plasma…

A

reduces the amount of free or active drug circulating in the plasma

66
Q

Which organ is the main site of absorption for orally administered drugs?

A

Small intestine

67
Q

A patient takes 20mg of a drug with a half-life of 2 hours. After 8 hours, how much of the drug will remain?

A

1.25mg

68
Q

The following can be used to treat hyperthyroidism

A

Carbimazole

69
Q

What is NOT an adverse reaction to oral glucocorticoids?

A

Hypotension

70
Q

The neurotransmitter that is found at postganglionic nerve terminals in the sympathetic nervous system is…

A

Noradrenaline

71
Q

Name an oestrogen antagonist…

A

Tamoxifen

72
Q

Name a drug used in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapies…

A

Oestradiol

73
Q

Name a progestogen used in combined oral contraceptive pills

A

Gestodene

74
Q

Name a drug used to treat adrenal insufficiency

A

Aldosterone (fludrocortisone)

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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