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1
Q

What groups can Group AB can safely donate blood to?

A

AB

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1
Q

The plasma membrane is freely permeable to: 1. Steroid hormones 2. Potassium ions 3. Sodium ions 4. ATP

A

1

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1
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases raised plasma calcium and phosphate levels.

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1
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced in posterior pituitary In Women: - targets uterus and breasts - stimulates contaction of uterine muscles in labour - encourages milk flow in breasts after labour In Men: - targets testes - plays a role in testosterone production and sperm movement

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1
Q

Regarding the autonomic nervous system 1. the main neurotransmitter substance released at target organs of the sympathetic nerves is acetylcholine 2. the parasympathetic division leaves the spinal cord at levels T2-L4 3. the parasympathetic division normally has short pre-ganglionic fibres 4. the main neurotransmitter substance released at target organs of the parasympathetic nerves is acetylcholine.

A

4

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1
Q

The cell membrane is 1. more positively charged than the exterior 2. more negatively charged than the exterior 3. electrically neutral to the exterior 4. positively charged whenever the sodium/potassium ATPase is active.

A

2

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1
Q

Which of the following hormones is responsible for the reabsorption of water only in the nephron? 1. erythropoietin 2. ADH 3. ANP 4. aldosterone

A

2

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1
Q

The wall of the trachea possesses: 1. c-shaped “rings” of hyaline cartilage 2. stratified squamous epithelium 3. type II septal cells 4. lies posterior to the oesophagus.

A

1

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1
Q

Describe pancreatic duct cells

A

Secrete bicarbonate (alkaline) to neutralise stomach acidity

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1
Q

Describe CCK

A

Cholecystokinin For digestion Secreted into duodenum Stimulates contraction of gall bladder

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1
Q

Describe sphincter of oddi

A

Where bile opens into duodenum Relaxed (opened) by CCK

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1
Q

How many oxygen atoms are found in one molecule of carbonic acid (chemical formula H2CO3)

  1. ) 1
  2. ) 2
  3. ) 3
  4. ) 4
A

3

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1
Q

Histamine causes:

  1. ) The death of infectious microorganisms
  2. ) Some of the signs and symptoms of inflammation
  3. ) Some of the functions of T-cell lymphocytes
  4. ) The bonding of T-cell lymphocytes to infectious microorganisms
A

2

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1
Q

Anatomy of right lung?

A

3 lobes, 2 fissures

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1
Q

during swallowing?

A

larynx is pulled up, epiglottis goes down to cover laryngeal inlet

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2
Q

90-92% of plasma is …

A

Water

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2
Q

Oestrogen

A

Stops FSH so only one egg is matured Tells pituitary to release LH It is a hormone in the combined pill (mimics pregnancy) Oestrogen stops in menopause

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2
Q

What are the two functional parts of the somatic nervous system? 1. Upper and lower motor neurons 2. Motor and sensory 3. Central and peripheral 4. Parasympathetic and sympathetic

A

2

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2
Q

The shoulder joint: 1. is an example of a saddle joint 2. is an example of an amphiarthrosis 3. is an example of a synarthrosis 4. permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation

A

2

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2
Q

Compared to veins arteries have a.) smaller lumen b.) thinner walls c.) slower blood flow d.) lower blood pressure

A

a

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2
Q

Which of the following hormones regulate fluid balance?

  1. ) erythropoietin
  2. ) antidiuretic hormone
  3. ) rennin
  4. ) oestrogen
A

2

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3
Q

LDLs found in the plasma a.) act to reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood b.) have a high protein/fat ration c.) develop into vdls d.) transport cholesterol from the liver to tissues

A

D

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3
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A

Sites of aerobic respiration; power house

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4
Q

Which of the following cells is diploid: 1. Secondary spermatocyte 2. spermatozoan 3. spermatogonia 4. spermatid

A

3

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4
Q

Plasma membrane proteins on a cell will transport:

  1. )oxygen into the cell
  2. )carbon dioxide into the cell
  3. )molecules through the cell membrane
  4. )all of the above
A

3

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4
Q

Passive immunisation is the process of:

  1. ) Being immunised whilst asleep
  2. ) Letting someone immunize you
  3. ) Producing your own antibodies
  4. ) Receiving antibodies from an immune person
A

4

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5
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Released from hypothalamus Tells us to drink Produced by posterior pituitary

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6
Q

B-cell lymphocytes mature in the:

  1. ) Brain
  2. ) Bone marrow
  3. ) Thymus
  4. ) Blood
A

2

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7
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - in males

A

Stimulates gamete production Stimulates secretion of testosterone

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9
Q

The term used to describe blood cell formation is

A

Haemopoesis

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10
Q

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is secreted from the: 1. Chief cells 2. Acinar cells 3. Parietal cells 4. Goblet cells

A

3

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11
Q

Prolactin

A

Allows milk production

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13
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system: 1. the post-ganglionic nerve fibres are short 2. the chemical transmitter substance released at the majority of neuroeffector junctions (i.e. the junction between the post-ganglionic neurone and the target organ) is acetylcholine 3. the pre-ganglionic nerve fibres are long 4. the pre-ganglionic nerve fibres leave the spinal cord at thoraco-lumbar levels.

A

4

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13
Q

Nociceptors 1. only respond to chemical stimuli 2. are present in all body tissues 3. are sensitive to the chemical substances released by damaged cells or tissues 4. have a low threshold for activation 5. are the free nerve endings of unmyelinated fibres

A

3

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13
Q

Pinocytosis means cells:

  1. ) producing energy
  2. ) drinking water
  3. ) going through mitosis
  4. ) replicating
A

2

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14
Q

Secretin

A

Secretin acts on 1. pancreatic duct cells -> water and sodium bicarbonate 2. liver → secrete bile 3. stomach → decrease gastric motility & secretion

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15
Q

Which of the following statements on muscle tissue is true?

  1. ) Smooth muscle is striated
  2. ) Skeletal muscle is voluntary
  3. ) Cardiac muscle is non-striated
  4. ) Smooth muscle is in-voluntary
A

4

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16
Q

Regarding ABO and Rhesus blood groups which statement is correct: 1. Group AB people will usually produce a reaction to group O blood 2. People who are blood group A will produce anti-B antibodies 3. People who are blood group A will produce anti-A antibodies 4. People who have blood group O must have two parents who are blood group O

A

2

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17
Q

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) will cause: 1. A decrease in bronchiole diameter 2. An increase in pupil diameter 3. An increase in gastrointestinal activity 4. A decrease in plasma glucose levels

A

2

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17
Q

Upper respiratory tract consists of:

A

cilia, columnar cells and goble

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19
Q

Describe renin?

A

Renin, enzyme secreted by the kidney that is part of a physiological system that regulates blood pressure. In the blood, renin acts on angiotensinogen, resulting in the release of angiotensin I.

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20
Q

What is produced by the choroid plexus of the ventricles?

A

CSF - Cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

What antibodies does group AB blood have?

A

none

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21
Q

Which of the following is the correct pathway for the transfer of sensory information from the nociceptor to the brain? 1. Nociceptor – Ventral horn of spinal cord – Spinothalamic tract – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex. 2. Nociceptor – Dorsal horn of spinal cord – Spinothalamic tract – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex. 3. Nociceptor – Spinothalamic tract – Dorsal horn of spinal cord –– Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex. 4. Nociceptor – Dorsal horn of spinal cord – Corticospinal tract – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex. 5. Sensory cortex – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Spinothalamic tract – Dorsal horn of spinal cord – Nociceptor.

A

2

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22
Q

What is MCV?

A

The mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume (MCV), is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (or red blood cell).

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23
Q

Describe parietal cells

A

Produce HCL Contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

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23
Q

The chemical formula 2H + 2H = 2O gives us 2 molecules of:

  1. ) A monosaccharide
  2. ) A lipid
  3. ) Water
  4. ) Air
A

3

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24
Q

Within connective tissue what is the function of the extracellular matrix?

  1. ) To ensure connective tissue can bear weight and withstand tension
  2. ) Filter blood and remove waste products
  3. ) Transmit impulses through connective tissue
  4. ) Analyse levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
A

1

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25
Q

The proximal tubule of the nephron 1. has an active transport carrier for water molecules 2. is impermeable to chloride ions 3. reabsorbs most of the sodium ions in the glomerular filtrate 4. has an active transport carrier for urea molecules

A

3

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26
Q

Negative feedback control systems are involved in the control of: 1. formation of a blood clot (coagulation of blood) 2. Sodium entry during the generation of an action potential 3. Oxytocin stimulation of uterine contractions during labour 4. body temperature

A

4

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27
Q

Arterial baroreceptors: 1. Increase their discharge rate when there is an increase in arterial blood pressure 2. Detect changes in pH of the blood 3. are osmoreceptors 4. are present in the carotid and aortic bodies

A

1

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27
Q

A role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is to:

  1. ) Activate the complement system
  2. ) Activate the T-cell lymphocytes
  3. ) Activate the kinin system
  4. ) Activate the process of inflammation
A

1

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28
Q

How many chromosomes does a fertilised ovum contain?

A

46 (23 pairs)

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29
Q

Describe the negative feedback of red blood cell synthesis?

A

Tissue hypoxia -> kidneys secrete erythropoetin -> red bone marrow increases erythropoesis -> red blood cell numbers rise -> tissue hypoxia reversed

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29
Q

Describe saliva

A

Contains amylase which breaks down carbohydrates From acinar cells in salivary glands

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30
Q

Describe proton pump

A

h2o + co2 = h+ + hco3- pumps into stomach (not blood)

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31
Q

What groups can Group B safely received blood from?

A

B, O

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32
Q

Describe IgM

A

Immunoglobulin M Found in blood and lymph Produce by B cells Anttibody

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33
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found: 1. lining the trachea 2. lining the blood vessels. 3. at the surface of the skin 4. in the thyroid gland

A

4

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33
Q

Which of the following statements can be applied to the analgesic morphine? 1. Morphine can cause severe diarrhoea 2. Morphine inhibits the enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2 3. Morphine can cause respiratory depression 4. Morphine is available over-the-counter 5. Morphine can be used as an antipyretic

A

3

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34
Q

Describe blood flow through the heart

A

Aorta -> systemic arterial network -> capillaries of body tissue -> systemic venous network -> vana cava -> right atrium -> right av (tricuspid) valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left av (bicuspid) valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta

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36
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares the body for pregnancy Thickens cervical mucus It is the hormone in the pill

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37
Q

Thyroxine is an example of: 1. An amine hormone 2. Peptide hormone 3. A steroid hormone 4. It is not a hormone it is an enzyme

A

1

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38
Q

Select the odd one out. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually associated with 1. constipation 2. gastric bleeding 3. increased gastric acid secretion 4. nausea 5. decreased secretion of gastric mucus

A

1

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39
Q

Formation of HCO3- in systemic blood 1. accounts for approximately 10% of carbon dioxide transported 2. is assisted by oxygenation of haemoglobin 3. occurs almost exclusively in the plasma 4. results in the formation of H+

A

4

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40
Q

Which of the following are functions of epithelial tissue?

  1. ) Absorption
  2. ) Protection
  3. ) Secretion
  4. ) All of the above
A

4

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41
Q

Describe pancreatic beta cells

A

Secrete insulin

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43
Q

Leutinising Hormone - in females

A

A surge of LH causes ovulation because it increases progesterone levels, causing ovarian walls to contract - releasing eggs

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43
Q

The left ventricle of the heart 1. ejects blood into the aorta 2. possesses papillary muscles whose role is to open the mitral valve 3. forms the base of the heart 4. has a thinner wall than the right ventricle

A

1

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43
Q

Glucagon is: 1. Secreted from pancreatic β-cells 2. A hormone that decreases blood glucose levels 3. A hormone increases blood glucose levels 4. A stored form of glucose

A

3

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44
Q

Leutinising Hormone - in males

A

Makes testes secrete testosterone

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44
Q

when a cell is in a hypotonic solution a.) na+ moves in b.) na+ moves out c.) water moves in d.) water moves out

A

c

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44
Q

Which tissue type has the greatest capacity to regenerate?

  1. ) Muscle
  2. ) Epithelial
  3. ) Nervous
  4. ) Connective
A

2

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45
Q

Hyponatraemia is:

  1. ) low sodium
  2. ) low potassium
  3. ) low chloride
  4. ) red blood cell count
A

1

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47
Q

Which of the following is the mucous membrane that changes during menstrual cycle in response to hormones: 1. Epimycium 2. Myometrium 3. Perimetrium 4. Endometrium

A

4

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48
Q

Cells are composed of:

  1. ) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen
  2. ) hydrogen, carbon, sodium, and potassium
  3. ) sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen
  4. ) nitrogen, oxygen, calcium and carbon
A

1

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50
Q

Chemical synapses in the nervous system: 1.) can’t be influenced by pharmacological agents 2.) release neurotransmitter from pre synaptic vesicles 3.) always cause excitation of the post synaptic neuron 4.) allow transmission of signals in both directions

A

2

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52
Q

Chemical synapses in the nervous system allow signals in which direction?

A

Only one

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52
Q

Atmospheric pressure is important in the process of:

  1. ) Blood flow
  2. ) Micturition
  3. ) Breathing
  4. ) Reproduction
A

3

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53
Q

Which white blood cells are phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils

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55
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a non-specific defence: 1. Phagocytes 2. Fever 3. Vaccination 4. Skin

A

3

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56
Q

Haemolysis is carried out by

A

Reticuloendothelial cells in liver, spleen and bone marrow

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57
Q

What do platelets secrete?

A

Clotting factors

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58
Q

ESR stands for?

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is the time it takes for rbcs to settle

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60
Q

These chemicals travel from the gland of origin to distant tissues

A

Hormones

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61
Q

Red blood cell break down is called

A

Haemolysis

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62
Q

Gastrin

A

Contracts the gastric wall, and activates the secretion of pepsinogen (protein digestion) and HCl

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63
Q

The anterior pituitary gland: 1. releases oxytocin 2. forms the floor and walls of the third ventricle 3. secretes ACTH 4. is connected to the hypothalamus by the neurohypophysis

A

3

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63
Q

Does expiration use internal or external intercostals?

A

Internal

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63
Q

Which of the following is not a type of loose connective tissue

  1. Areolar
  2. Reticular
  3. Adipose
  4. Irregular
A

3

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64
Q

The number of membrane carrier molecules determines the rate of

A

facilitated diffusion

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66
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates growth and development of follicles (eggs). Promotes secretion of oestrogen by the ovaries, which helps follicle formation. Also promotes inhibin by ovaries.

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67
Q

What antibodies does group A blood have?

68
Q

Homeostasis means: 1.) regulating body temp 2.) integrating functions of several organs 3.) maintaining a stable internal environment 4.) preventing any change in organisms

69
Q

Cardiac output: 1. is determined by EDV x stroke volume 2. is determined by heart rate x stroke volume 3. is normally about 1 litre.min-1 in human adults at rest 4. is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat

71
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases plasma Calcium levels

72
Q

What antibodies does group B blood have?

73
Q

Which of the following membranes is also referred to as the serosa?

  1. Mucous
  2. Serous
  3. Dense
  4. Synovial
74
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

  1. ) Squamous epithelial cells are cube shaped
  2. ) Stratified epithelium consists of a single layer of cells
  3. ) Stratified cuboidal epithelial will have multiple layers of cells
  4. ) Simple columnar epithelium consists of flat and scale like cells
75
Q

Which test result(s) is / are in the normal range for peripheral venous blood in a healthy 25 year old male? 1. Packed cell volume: 29% 2. Haemoglobin: 13g/dl 3. Red cell count: 10.5 x 10^12 /L 4. Mean cell Volume: 65fl

76
Q

Skeletal muscle: 1. contracts spontaneously in the absence of innervation 2. contains pacemaker cells 3. is under voluntary (willed) control 4. is caused to relax by hormones

77
Q

What is ovulation and how often does it occur?

A

Surge of leutinising hormone Occurs once a month on day 14

78
Q

The cell organelle which is the site responsible for protein synthesis is the 1. golgi apparatus 2. ribosome 3. nucleus 4. mitochondrion

80
Q

Trypsin: 1.) released by pancreatic duct cells 2.) brush border enzymes 3.) activates pro-peptides in the duodenum 4.) is responsible for the chemical digestion of polysaccharides

82
Q

Renin release: 1. is promoted by reduced arteriolar stretch in the glomerulus 2. directly acts on ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) 3. tends to decrease plasma volume 4. inhibits aldosterone release

83
Q

This is mainly responsible for blood viscosity

83
Q

What antigens does group AB blood have?

83
Q

One purpose of lymph nodes is to:

  1. ) Trap macrophages
  2. ) Trap antigens
  3. ) Trap antibodies
  4. ) Trap hormones
84
Q

On the electrocardiogram (ECG) 1. the QRS complex represents ventricular repolarisation 2. there is normally no wave associated with atrial repolarisation. 3. the R-R interval will increase if there is an increase in heart rate 4. the P wave represents ventricular depolarisation

84
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves and state whether they are sensory, motor or both

A

Olfactory - sensory

Optic - sensory

Occulomotor - motor

Trochlear - motor

Trigeminal - both

Abducens - motor

Facial - both

Vestibulocochlear (acoustic) - sensory

Glossopharyngeal - both

Accessory (spinal) - both

Hypoglossal - motor

motor

86
Q

What antigens does group A blood have?

87
Q

Saliva: 1.) Is released by goblet cells in mouth 2.) Contains IgM antibodies 3.) Has pH range of 2-3 4.) Initiates the digestion of carbohydrates

87
Q

During quiet inspiration a.) air enters lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is equal b.) the diaphragm relaxes into its dome shape c.) the external intercostals are in a relaxed state d.) the internal intercostals contract to elevate the rib cage

89
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs i.e.

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

90
Q

In the sensory pathway 1o neurons have a : 1. cell body in thalamus, axon terminates in cerebral cortex 2. cell body in spinal cord or medulla, axon crosses over (from right to left or left to right) 3. receptor in periphery, cell body in dorsal root ganglion or sensory ganglion in the head 4. connection between the spinal cord and a skeletal muscle

91
Q

Scar tissue formation is also known as….

  1. ) Fibrosis
  2. ) Granulation
  3. ) Mitosis
  4. ) Necrosis
93
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex located a.) temporal lobe b.) parietal lobe c.) occipital lobe d.) frontal lobe

94
Q

Aldosterone

A

It is a hormone made by the adrenal glands to control and regulate the sodium levels in the body It acts on the kidneys It is a steroid hormone

96
Q

Which white blood cells release histamine?

96
Q

The layers of the digestive tract in the correct order, from the interior to outward are: 1. serosa, mucularis, externa, mucosa, submucosa 2. serosa, mucularis externa, submucosa, mucosa 3. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa 4. submucosa, mucosa, mucularis externa, serosa

98
Q

What antigens does group O blood have?

99
Q

The following proteins are NOT involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle: 1. actin 2. myosin 3. calmodulin 4. troponin

100
Q

Which blood cells are granulocytes?

A

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

102
Q

Does inspiration use internal or external intercostals?

104
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Stimulates the release of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

106
Q

Which substance forms approximately 20% of air?

  1. ) Carbon dioxide
  2. ) Nitrous oxide
  3. ) Oxygen
  4. ) Hydrogen
107
Q

Which of the following class of lipoproteins removes the cholesterol from the blood and returns it to liver for elimination? 1. VLDL 2. Chylomicrons 3. LDLs 4. HDLs

108
Q

Osteoblasts: 1. secrete osteoid and are responsible for mineral deposition 2. maintain the bone matrix 3. remove mineral from the matrix 4. develop into osteoblasts

109
Q

What groups can Group B can safely donate blood to?

111
Q

When the b cell divides which two cells are formed?

A

Plasma cells

Memory b cells

112
Q

Progesterone: 1. causes the endometrium to break down 2. levels increase substantially after ovulation 3. regulation involves a positive feedback mechanism 4. is released from the posterior pituitary

113
Q

Active transport system utilises:

  1. ) ATP
  2. ) hydrogen ions
  3. ) acid-bicarbonate buffer system
  4. ) phosphate buffer
114
Q

What groups can Group O safely received blood from?

115
Q

Prokaryotic cells 1. Are found in all multi-cellular organisms 2. Have extensive organelles 3. Lack a nucleus 4. Divide by mitosis

117
Q

Which type of white blood cells kill parasites?

A

Eosinophils

117
Q

State some function of the cerebellum

A

Balance, co-ordination, posture

119
Q

By what process do oogenia turn into oocytes?

A

Oogenesis - meiosis (23 chromosomes)

120
Q

Describe pepsinogen

A

Secreted by chief cells of gastric glands Inactive precursor to pepsin Converted to pepsin by HCl during digestion

121
Q

Relative to the elbow, the wrist is: 1. medial 2. distal 3. lateral 4. proximal

123
Q

What antibodies does group O blood have?

A

Anti A, Anti B

124
Q

Parietal cells: 1.) possess a proton pump on the basolateral membrane 2.) secrete pepsinogen 3.) contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase 4.) secrete an alkaline substance to increase pH in stomach

126
Q

Oedema may result from:

  1. ) lymphatic blockage
  2. ) hypertension
  3. ) drinking large amount of beer
  4. ) diabetes insipidus
128
Q

An increase in mean arterial blood pressure may result from: 1. a decrease in total peripheral resistance 2. dilation of arterioles 3. an decrease in discharge of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves 4. an increase in cardiac output

130
Q

Adrenaline

A

Also a neurotransmitter Plays an important role in the endocrine and nervous system It is a stress horemone

131
Q

The life span of a red blood cell is

133
Q

What groups can Group AB safely received blood from?

A

AB, A, B, O

135
Q

What proportion of all body cells is made up of red blood cells?

136
Q

Testosterone

A

A male sex hormone which causes male sex characteristics It is secreted by Leydig cells in the testes It is a Steroid hormone

137
Q

Erythropoetin (EPO)

A

Stimulates the production of RBC at the kidney and liver The trigger for it is Hypoxia (lack of oxygen)

138
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

Hepatic macrophages in the liver

139
Q

CCK: 1.) Stimulates contraction of gall bladder 2.) Closes spincter of oddi 3.) Released in respone to presence of HCl in ileum 4.) Stimulates pancreatic duct cell to produce insulin

141
Q

An important non-nintrogenous waste is carried as this

A

Bicarbonate ions

142
Q

Contraction of the heart 1. raises the pressure in the right atrium to about 120 mmHg. 2. occurs at a higher frequency if the parasympathetic (vagal) nerves are stimulated 3. is normally initiated at the atrial-ventricular node 4. is more forceful in the presence of adrenaline

143
Q

Which two vitamins are essential for red blood cell maturation?

A

b12 and folic acid

144
Q

Which white blood cells can be converted to macrophages?

144
Q

Collagen is NOT present in the matrix of: 1. blood 2. ligaments 3. bone 4. loose connective tissue (areolar tissue)

145
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells?

A

Suppressor t-cells

helper t-cells

memory t-cells

cytotoxic t-cells

145
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Manufacture proteins exported from cells are manufactured here

146
Q

These molecules are also called immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies

147
Q

Describe goblet cells

A

Secrete mucous Specialised epithelial cells Found in respiratory system, digestive system and conjunctiva in upper eyelid

148
Q

During inspiration: 1. pressure in the alveoli is less than atmospheric pressure 2. the lungs deflate 3. the abdominal contents are displaced headwards 4. the diaphragm relaxes

149
Q

Why don’t chemical synapses always cause excitation?

A

They can release inhibitory neurotransmitters

150
Q

Which of the following statements can be applied to aspirin? 1. Aspirin is effective against mild pain 2. Aspirin can safely be given to patients taking anticoagulant drugs 3. Aspirin is combined with paracetamol to produce the preparation, co-codamol 4. Aspirin is a selective inhibitor of the COX-2 enzyme 5. Aspirin can be administered to children of all ages

152
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton: 1. Provides leverage for movement 2. Protects internal organs 3. Stores Iron 4. Produces blood cells

154
Q

Haemolysis releases

A

Iron which is stored in the liver to form new haemoglobin Protein which is converted to bilverdin then bilirubin then bound to a plasma protein and transported to the liver where it’s excreted as bile

156
Q

A general term for ions e.g. phosphates in bodily fluid

A

Electrolyte

156
Q

Which type of white blood cells are there lots of in lymph nodes?

A

Lymphocytes

157
Q

Haemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into: 1. a 0.9% saline solution 2. a hypotonic solution 3. a hypertonic solution 4. an isotonic solution

158
Q

The lag phase of the primary immune response to infection can occur after between:

  1. ) 1-5 days
  2. ) 307 days
  3. ) 1-10 days
  4. ) 5-10 days
159
Q

Insulin

A

It’s released by pancreatic beta calls to decrease blood sugar levels

160
Q

Anti-natriuretic Hormone (ANP)

A

Regualates Renal and Heart homeostasis Also controls Sodium too It is a peptide horemone

161
Q

Red blood cells are released into the circulation as which type of immature cell?

A

Reticulocyte

162
Q

The movement of fluid between compartments is regulated by:

  1. ) osmotic and hydrostatic pressures
  2. ) ATP
  3. ) glomerular filtration rate
  4. ) parathyroid hormone
163
Q

Most cells have ____ chromosomes and divide by ____

A

46 mitosis

165
Q

The follow hormone stimulates gastric motility and secretion: 1. Gastrin 2. Thyroxine 3. CCK 4. Secretin

166
Q

The carbon atom is important in bioscience because we are all:

  1. ) Breathing carbon dioxide
  2. ) Carbon-based entities
  3. ) Made up entirely of organic molecules
  4. ) Made up only of metal elements
167
Q

Which of the following cells are involved in the humoral response? 1. Cytotoxic T cells 2. B cells 3. Eosinophils 4. Supressor T cells

168
Q

The following pathway describes lymphatic flow 1. systemic circulation Þ capillaries Þ larger vessels Þ lymph nodes Þ larger vessels Þ thoracic duct Þ left subclavian vein 2. Capillaries Þ larger vessels Þ lymph nodes Þ larger vessels Þ thoracic duct Þ left subclavian vein Þ systemic circulation 3. thoracic duct Þ capillaries Þ lymph nodes Þ larger vessels Þ left subclavian vein Þ larger vessels Þ systemic circulation 4. lymph nodes Þ capillaries Þ larger vessels Þ larger vessels Þ left subclavian vein Þ thoracic duct Þ systemic circulation

169
Q

Cytokines are chemical messengers which:

  1. ) Promote inflammation
  2. ) Kill infecting microorganisms
  3. ) Produce antibodies
  4. ) Cause pain
170
Q

Which of the following statements are false?

  1. )Endocrine glands secrete their products internally
  2. )Multicellular exocrine glands consist of a single cell type
  3. )Goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands
  4. )Tubular exocrine glands are found in the digestive system
171
Q

Where does the production of red blood cells take place?

A

red bone marrow

172
Q

These provide the building blocks for new tissue proteins

A

Amino acids

173
Q

Extracellular fluid differs from intracellular fluid, in adults, in that its 1. anions are mainly organic 2. pH is lower (more acid) 3. chloride concentration is lower 4. tonicity is lower 5. volume is smaller

174
Q

Describe HCl

A

Produced in stomach by parietal cells Kills bacteria eaten with food

175
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) 1. makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water 2. is secreted by the adrenal glands 3. is released in response to an increase in blood volume 4. increases urine output

176
Q

Describe trypsin

A

It’s an enzyme It breaks down proteins Released by pancreas from acinar cells Activates propeptides in the duodenum

178
Q

The antibodies (agglutinins) found in blood of a person with o+ are: a.) none b.) anti rhesus only c.) anti a, anti b d.) anti b only

180
Q

Thyroxine

A

It regulates metabolism (T4)

181
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates the breakdown of T3 and T4

183
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

Body cells which consume and destroy foreign materials

184
Q

Glucagon: a.) stimulates glycogenolysis b.) is secreted from pancreatic beta-cells c.) stimulates glycogenesis d.) is a polysaccharide stored in the liver

185
Q

What groups can Group A can safely donate blood to?

186
Q

This substance is needed for haemoglob in synthesis

187
Q

Phagocytosis takes place in:

  1. ) Red blood cells
  2. ) Lymphocytes
  3. ) Neutrophils
  4. ) Platelets
189
Q

Which of the following are examples of a micronutrients? 1. Proteins 2. Minerals 3. Water 4. Fats

190
Q

Describe brush border enzymes

A

Brush border=microvilli Include maltase, lactase and peptidases

191
Q

What pharmacological agents influence chemical synapses in the nervous system?

A

Nicotinic agonists SSRIs

192
Q

What does fertilisation form?

193
Q

Suring the depolarization of the nerve cell plasma membrane: 1. Potassium channels open and potassium moves into the cell 2. Potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell 3. Sodium channels open and sodium moves out of the cell 4. Sodium channels open and sodium ions moves in to the cell

194
Q

the larynx wall is composed of nine pieces of cartilage to

A

maintain open airways

195
Q

Which of the following are examples of endocrine glands? 1. the mammary glands 2. sweat glands 3. the adrenal glands 4. salivary glands

196
Q

Striated (striped) muscle is found in the: 1. the cardiac sphincter 2. blood vessels 3. walls of bronchioles 4. diaphragm

197
Q

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Produced and secreted by anterior pituitary Causes increased production and released of cortisol

198
Q

Describe gastrin

A

Peptide hormone Stimulates production of gastric acid Stimulates growth of stomach lining Acts as disinfectant in the stomach

200
Q

Clinical testing of reflex arcs can: 1. help identify the site or level of lesions 2. involve voluntary movements 3. only be carried out if the patient is conscious 4. test the integrity of an autonomic nerve

201
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

It is the precursor for T3 and T4

202
Q

In negative feedback control systems involved in homeostasis 1. the effector tissue is often muscle or a gland 2. the effector changes the controlled variable in the same direction to the initial stimulus. 3. the efferent pathway to the effector usually uses the somatic nervous system 4. The presence of a sensory receptor is an advantage but not essential

204
Q

Homeostasis: 1. refers to the maintenance of a constantly changing internal environment 2. often involves positive feedback control mechanisms 3. causes fluctuations in the cells external environment 4. usually involves continuous activity of sensory receptors.

205
Q

What groups can Group A safely received blood from?

206
Q

Describe a hypotonic solution

A

High concentration of waster (dilute) so H20 moves into cell

207
Q

Which blood cells are agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

209
Q

What antigens does group B blood have?

210
Q

The three basic FIBRE types in connective tissue are: 1. collagen, reticular and elastic 2. tendons, ligaments, elastic ligaments 3. cartilage, bone and collagen 4. loose dense and irregular

211
Q

The thymus is where T-cell lymphocytes:

  1. ) Recognise the body’s own cells
  2. ) Produce antibodies
  3. ) Phagocytose antigens
  4. ) Become NK cells
212
Q

What groups can Group O can safely donate blood to?

A

AB, A, B, O

213
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

A phagocytic cells usually found in connective tissue

215
Q

This is the principal fuel source for body cells

216
Q

Nucleic acids consist of:

  1. ) Organic molecules
  2. ) Inorganic molecules
  3. ) Inorganic salts
  4. ) Hormones
217
Q

Glucagon

A

It is a hormone released by pancreatic alpha cells to increase blood sugar levels Opposite to insulin

219
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

220
Q

This is needed for healthy bones and teeth

A

Phosphate and calcium

221
Q

The fluid portion of the blood is:

  1. ) caffeine
  2. ) cytasol
  3. ) lymph
  4. ) plasma
222
Q

HCl: 1.) Activates calcium to aid its absorption 2.) Released from acinar cells in pancreas 3.) kills microbes eaten with food 4.) deactivates gastrin

223
Q

In adult males, the percentage of water found in the body is:

  1. ) 65%
  2. ) 60%
  3. ) 55%
  4. ) 78%
225
Q

Cholecystokynin (CCK)

A

It is released in the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine It leads to the secretion of Secretin

226
Q

S.I. units are standardised:

  1. ) Units of molecules
  2. ) Units of cells
  3. ) Units of substances
  4. ) Units of measurements
227
Q

Examples of opsonins are:

  1. ) Complement factors; antigens
  2. ) Eosinophils; phagocytes
  3. ) Antibodies; antigens
  4. ) Complement factors; immunoglobulins
228
Q

The plasma membrane of a human cell is:

  1. ) a membrane that contains pili on its cell surface
  2. ) a double layer of carbohydrate enclosing the cell
  3. ) a single layered cell membrane
  4. ) a double layer of phospholipids
229
Q

Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) is calculated as follows: 1. Haemoglobin concentration (g/L) of whole blood / 10 2. Haemoglobin concentration (g/l) of whole blood / red cell count 3. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) / Red Cell Count x 10 4. Haemoglobin concentration (g/L) of whole blood x 10 / PCV

230
Q

Name the 3 coming off the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic Common carotid Subclavian

231
Q

The chemical formula of sodium chloride is:

  1. ) SoCl
  2. ) NaCl
  3. ) SCl
  4. ) KCl
232
Q

Which is the most abundant tissue in the human body?

  1. )Epithelial
  2. )Connective
  3. )Muscle
  4. )Nervous

A & P Questions (1 decks)

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