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24: myocardial infarction & stroke > questions > Flashcards

questions Flashcards

0
Q

define: anoxia

A

absence of oxygen supply to cells that results in cell damage or death

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1
Q

Define: aneurysm

A

we can spot of the artery wall that has stretched or burst filling the area with blood and causing damage
-if in the brain, damage to nerves results

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2
Q

define: anticoagulant

A

drug that prolongs coagulation time and is used to prevent clot formation

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3
Q

define: antiplatelet drug

A

drug that prevents accumulation of platelets, thereby blocking an important step in the clot formation process

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4
Q

define: antithrombotic

A

drug that inhibits confirmation by reducing the correlation action of the blood protein thrombin

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5
Q

define: arthrosclerosis

A

build up of lipids and plaque inside the artery walls; impeding the flow of blood and oxygen

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6
Q

define: arthrothrombosis

A

formation of blood clot in an artery

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7
Q

define: cholesterol

A

naturally occurring, waxy substance produced by the liver and found in foods that maintain cell membranes and is needed for vitamin D production.

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8
Q

define: embolic stroke

A

stroke caused by an emboli obstructing the flow of blood through an artery

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9
Q

define: hemorrhagic stroke

A

sudden bleeding into or around the brain

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10
Q

define: homeostasis

A

process of stopping the flow of blood

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11
Q

define: high-density lipoprotein

A

good cholesterol

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12
Q

define: hyperlipidemia

A

excess lipids or fatty substances in the blood

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13
Q

define: infarction

A

sudden loss of blood supply to an area that results in cell death

  • A myocardial infarction is known as a heart attack
  • A cerebral infarction is known as a stroke
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14
Q

define: ischemia

A

reduction of blood supply to tissues that is typically caused by blood vessel obstruction due to arthrosclerosis

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15
Q

define: ischemic stroke

A

ischemia in the brain

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16
Q

define: lipoprotein

A

small globules of cholesterol covered by a layer of protein

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17
Q

define: low-density lipoprotein

A

compound consisting of a lipid and a protein that carries the majority of the total cholesterol in the blood and deposits the excess along the inside of the arterial walls; also known as a bad cholesterol

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18
Q

define: plaque

A

fatty cholesterol deposits

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19
Q

define: partial thromboplastin time

A

test given to determine effectiveness of heparin introducing anti-thrombotic activity

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20
Q

define: prothrombin time

A

test given to determine the effectiveness of warfarin and reducing clotting time

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21
Q

define: Rhabdomyolysis

A

breakdown of muscle fibers and release of muscle fiber contents into the circulation.

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22
Q

_________: these muscle fibers are toxic to the kidneys

A

rhabdomyolysis

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23
Q

define: thrombolytic

A

drug used to dissolve blood clots

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24
Q

_______: stroke caused by thrombosis

A

thrombotic stroke

25
Q

naturally occurring thrombolytic substance

A

tissue plasminogen activator

26
Q

stroke that typically lasts a few minutes; also known as a mini stroke

A

transient ischemic attack

27
Q

what is the storage form of energy found in fat tissue muscle?

A

triglycerides

28
Q

nearly __% of patients will have a second stroke within _______ of the first stroke.

A

25%

5 years

29
Q

what causes a stroke?

A

strokes occur when brain cells are deprived of oxygen or damage by sudden bleeding into the brain

30
Q

what is the most common type of stroke and what is the cause?

A

ischemic stroke, accounting for 80%

-cause by oxygen deprivation

31
Q

what is the most common cause of the stroke?

A

blood clots (thrombi or emboli)

32
Q

what are the nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • Family history
33
Q

what are some modifiable risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction?

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol consumption
  • diet
34
Q

_________ increases the risk for stroke 4-6 times above that of persons without

A

hypertension

35
Q

_______, A rapid and irregular beating of the atrium chamber of the heart, can increase the risk for clots

A

atrial fibrillation

36
Q

T/F: infection is a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction

A

true
immune system response bacterial and viral infections is to release infection fighting substances that also increase inflammation.

37
Q

what are some lifestyle modifications recommended for people with heart failure?(6)

A
  1. low-salt diet
  2. limit the amount of fluid you drink
  3. increase physical activity
  4. lose weight (if overweight)
  5. quit smoking
  6. limit alcohol consumption
38
Q

Antithrombotic drugs include:(3)

A
  1. agents that inhibit platelets
  2. anticoagulants, which lessen coagulation
  3. fibrinolytic agents
39
Q

what is the mechanism of action for antiplatelet drugs?

A

produce their effect by interfering with the steps in the clot formation process

40
Q

some adverse reactions of antiplatelet drugs?(4)

A

Black, tarry stools
blood and vomit, urine or stools
nosebleeds
Red or purple spots on the skin

41
Q

what are some other side effects associated with antiplatelet drugs?

A

skin rash or itching
stomach pain
paint at injection site

42
Q

what nonprescription drugs can cause interactions with antiplatelet drugs?(3)

A

NSAIDs
vitamin supplements (fish oil)
herbs (feverfew, garlic, ginger)

43
Q

Antiplatelet drug should not be combined with ____________ without medical supervision.

A

anticoagulants

44
Q

what to anticoagulant drugs can be administered orally?

A
  1. warfarin

2. dabigatran

45
Q

what is heparin?

A

an anticoagulant that is derived from pig intestines or cow lungs

46
Q

what is low molecular weight heparins?

A

produced by separating the heparin fragments, after the extraction process.

47
Q

what are the uses of heparins and LMWHs?(7)

A
  1. treatment of deep venous thrombosis
  2. early treatment of MCI and unstable angina
  3. prevention of pulmonary embolism
  4. prevention of secondary MCI
  5. prevention of clotting in indwelling catheters
  6. prevention of clotting in devices used in cardiac surgery
  7. bridge therapy with warfarin
48
Q

how are LMWH and heparin different?

A
  • LMWH can be dosed less frequently than heparin, yet they are equally effective
  • LMWH has higher bioavailability, increased half-life, fewer side effects and less protein binding
49
Q

why are higher doses of heparin required compared to LMWHs?

A

higher doses of heparin must be administered because of protein binding

50
Q

when is the maximum effects of warfarin achieved after initiating therapy? Why?

A

4 to 5 days

-because warfarin does not block the activity of existing quite elation factors

51
Q

T/F: warfarin is the only anticoagulant that is not protein-bound

A

false

warfarin is highly protein-bound, so it interacts with many other drugs

52
Q

explain bridge therapy with LMWH.

A

patients transferring between injections of LMWH and oral therapy with warfarin may take both drugs for a brief time.

53
Q

when is bridge therapy discontinued?

A

first therapy is continued into warfarin therapeutic level is achieved. Typically 2 to 3 days.
-then heparin is discontinued

54
Q

T/F: warfarin has an unpredictable and variable effect, a narrow therapeutic window requiring frequent INR monitoring, and numerous food and drug interactions.

A

true

55
Q

in addition to bleeding, dabigatran may cause _____, _____, & ______.

A

dyspepsia
GERD
PUD

56
Q

heparin and LMWH can cause _______.

A

osteoporosis

57
Q

adverse reactions to anticoagulants include:

A
  • skin rash, itching, fever, pain, irritation or bleeding at the injection site
  • bruising, bleeding gums, bleeding in the eye, red spots on the skin, nosebleeds, back or stomach pain
  • Cold, blue, or painful hands and feet
  • coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, heavy menstrual bleeding, dizziness or fainting spells
58
Q

what warning label should be applied to warfarin?why

A

avoid pregnancy

-warfarin can cause fetal abnormalities

59
Q

overdose of warfarin or heparin can result in _______ and ______.

A

hemorrhage and death

60
Q

how is an overdose of warfarin or heparin treated?

A

A blood transfusion

  • in some cases warfarin overdose can be reversed by the administration of vitamin K
  • heparin overdose may be treated by the administration of protamine sulfate
61
Q

warfarin tablets are ________ to reduce medication errors

A

Color-coded

24: myocardial infarction & stroke (1 decks)

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