questions Flashcards
define: anoxia
absence of oxygen supply to cells that results in cell damage or death
Define: aneurysm
we can spot of the artery wall that has stretched or burst filling the area with blood and causing damage
-if in the brain, damage to nerves results
define: anticoagulant
drug that prolongs coagulation time and is used to prevent clot formation
define: antiplatelet drug
drug that prevents accumulation of platelets, thereby blocking an important step in the clot formation process
define: antithrombotic
drug that inhibits confirmation by reducing the correlation action of the blood protein thrombin
define: arthrosclerosis
build up of lipids and plaque inside the artery walls; impeding the flow of blood and oxygen
define: arthrothrombosis
formation of blood clot in an artery
define: cholesterol
naturally occurring, waxy substance produced by the liver and found in foods that maintain cell membranes and is needed for vitamin D production.
define: embolic stroke
stroke caused by an emboli obstructing the flow of blood through an artery
define: hemorrhagic stroke
sudden bleeding into or around the brain
define: homeostasis
process of stopping the flow of blood
define: high-density lipoprotein
good cholesterol
define: hyperlipidemia
excess lipids or fatty substances in the blood
define: infarction
sudden loss of blood supply to an area that results in cell death
- A myocardial infarction is known as a heart attack
- A cerebral infarction is known as a stroke
define: ischemia
reduction of blood supply to tissues that is typically caused by blood vessel obstruction due to arthrosclerosis
define: ischemic stroke
ischemia in the brain
define: lipoprotein
small globules of cholesterol covered by a layer of protein
define: low-density lipoprotein
compound consisting of a lipid and a protein that carries the majority of the total cholesterol in the blood and deposits the excess along the inside of the arterial walls; also known as a bad cholesterol
define: plaque
fatty cholesterol deposits
define: partial thromboplastin time
test given to determine effectiveness of heparin introducing anti-thrombotic activity
define: prothrombin time
test given to determine the effectiveness of warfarin and reducing clotting time
define: Rhabdomyolysis
breakdown of muscle fibers and release of muscle fiber contents into the circulation.
_________: these muscle fibers are toxic to the kidneys
rhabdomyolysis
define: thrombolytic
drug used to dissolve blood clots
_______: stroke caused by thrombosis
thrombotic stroke
naturally occurring thrombolytic substance
tissue plasminogen activator
stroke that typically lasts a few minutes; also known as a mini stroke
transient ischemic attack
what is the storage form of energy found in fat tissue muscle?
triglycerides
nearly __% of patients will have a second stroke within _______ of the first stroke.
25%
5 years
what causes a stroke?
strokes occur when brain cells are deprived of oxygen or damage by sudden bleeding into the brain
what is the most common type of stroke and what is the cause?
ischemic stroke, accounting for 80%
-cause by oxygen deprivation
what is the most common cause of the stroke?
blood clots (thrombi or emboli)
what are the nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction?
- age
- gender
- Family history
what are some modifiable risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction?
- smoking
- alcohol consumption
- diet
_________ increases the risk for stroke 4-6 times above that of persons without
hypertension
_______, A rapid and irregular beating of the atrium chamber of the heart, can increase the risk for clots
atrial fibrillation
T/F: infection is a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction
true
immune system response bacterial and viral infections is to release infection fighting substances that also increase inflammation.
what are some lifestyle modifications recommended for people with heart failure?(6)
- low-salt diet
- limit the amount of fluid you drink
- increase physical activity
- lose weight (if overweight)
- quit smoking
- limit alcohol consumption
Antithrombotic drugs include:(3)
- agents that inhibit platelets
- anticoagulants, which lessen coagulation
- fibrinolytic agents
what is the mechanism of action for antiplatelet drugs?
produce their effect by interfering with the steps in the clot formation process
some adverse reactions of antiplatelet drugs?(4)
Black, tarry stools
blood and vomit, urine or stools
nosebleeds
Red or purple spots on the skin
what are some other side effects associated with antiplatelet drugs?
skin rash or itching
stomach pain
paint at injection site
what nonprescription drugs can cause interactions with antiplatelet drugs?(3)
NSAIDs
vitamin supplements (fish oil)
herbs (feverfew, garlic, ginger)
Antiplatelet drug should not be combined with ____________ without medical supervision.
anticoagulants
what to anticoagulant drugs can be administered orally?
- warfarin
2. dabigatran
what is heparin?
an anticoagulant that is derived from pig intestines or cow lungs
what is low molecular weight heparins?
produced by separating the heparin fragments, after the extraction process.
what are the uses of heparins and LMWHs?(7)
- treatment of deep venous thrombosis
- early treatment of MCI and unstable angina
- prevention of pulmonary embolism
- prevention of secondary MCI
- prevention of clotting in indwelling catheters
- prevention of clotting in devices used in cardiac surgery
- bridge therapy with warfarin
how are LMWH and heparin different?
- LMWH can be dosed less frequently than heparin, yet they are equally effective
- LMWH has higher bioavailability, increased half-life, fewer side effects and less protein binding
why are higher doses of heparin required compared to LMWHs?
higher doses of heparin must be administered because of protein binding
when is the maximum effects of warfarin achieved after initiating therapy? Why?
4 to 5 days
-because warfarin does not block the activity of existing quite elation factors
T/F: warfarin is the only anticoagulant that is not protein-bound
false
warfarin is highly protein-bound, so it interacts with many other drugs
explain bridge therapy with LMWH.
patients transferring between injections of LMWH and oral therapy with warfarin may take both drugs for a brief time.
when is bridge therapy discontinued?
first therapy is continued into warfarin therapeutic level is achieved. Typically 2 to 3 days.
-then heparin is discontinued
T/F: warfarin has an unpredictable and variable effect, a narrow therapeutic window requiring frequent INR monitoring, and numerous food and drug interactions.
true
in addition to bleeding, dabigatran may cause _____, _____, & ______.
dyspepsia
GERD
PUD
heparin and LMWH can cause _______.
osteoporosis
adverse reactions to anticoagulants include:
- skin rash, itching, fever, pain, irritation or bleeding at the injection site
- bruising, bleeding gums, bleeding in the eye, red spots on the skin, nosebleeds, back or stomach pain
- Cold, blue, or painful hands and feet
- coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, heavy menstrual bleeding, dizziness or fainting spells
what warning label should be applied to warfarin?why
avoid pregnancy
-warfarin can cause fetal abnormalities
overdose of warfarin or heparin can result in _______ and ______.
hemorrhage and death
how is an overdose of warfarin or heparin treated?
A blood transfusion
- in some cases warfarin overdose can be reversed by the administration of vitamin K
- heparin overdose may be treated by the administration of protamine sulfate
warfarin tablets are ________ to reduce medication errors
Color-coded
