questions Flashcards
what is the leading cause of musculoskeletal pain?
osteoarthritis
define: cephalgia
Head pain
which antiseizure drug commonly used to treat neuropathic pain should be avoided during pregnancy?
phenytoin
define: acute pain
sudden pain that results from injury or inflammation and is usually self-limiting
what are adverse reactions of all NSAIDs and aspirins?(3)
nausea
G.I. bleeding
ulceration
what is crepitus?
creaking joints
define: plasticity
ability of the brain to restructure itself and adapt to injury
which drug has the following side effects: ataxia, bruising, jaundice, and visual disturbances
carbamazepine
define: cluster headache
intensely painful vascular headache that occurs in groups and produces pain on one side of the head
where the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
lips, eyes, nose, scalp, forehead, upper jaw, and lower jaw
what are the three classifications of opioids ?
- agonists
- antagonists
- mixed agonist/antagonist
define: diabetic neuropathy
peripheral nerve disorder caused by diabetes and causing numbness, pain, or tingling in the feet or legs
define: euphoria
State of intense happiness or well-being; the opposite of dysphoria
_______ can cause hepatotoxicity.
acetaminophen
define: breakthrough pain
pain that occurs between scheduled doses of analgesics
histamine and bradykinin produce______, _______, and ______.
- inflammation
- vasodilation
- pain
define: analgesic
drug that reduces pain
how is shingles caused?
The herpes zoster virus, which causes chickenpox, lays dormant in nerve endings until activated. shingles cannot be cured
define: hyperalgesia
heightened sensitivity to pain that can result from treatment of chronic pain with high-dose opioids.
Burning and stinging are side effects to what commonly used drug to treat neuropathic pain?
capsaicin
opiates are _______ substances, and have been used for more than 2000 years to induce sleep and euphoria and to relieve diarrhea.
naturally occurring substances that are derived from opium poppy
define: endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphin
substances released by the body in response to painful stimuli that act as natural painkillers
______ and _______ are released in response to tissue injury and are part of the immune system response.
- histamine
2. bradykinin
define: inflammation
A response to tissue irritation or injury that is marked by signs of redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
what is the average onset of action of orally administered opioids?
30 minutes
define: migraine
vascular headache that is often accompanied by nausea and visual disturbances
define: neuropathic pain
type of pain associated with nerve injury caused by trauma, infection, or chronic diseases such as diabetes
on which commonly used non-opioid analgesic would you find the warning label “swallow whole; do not crush or chew”?
oxicams:
meloxicam and piroxicam
process of pain signal transmission(4 steps)
- transduction
- transmission
- modulation
- perception
it is the most common type of pain?
back pain
-only 20% of people experiencing lower back pain seek medical attention
define: NSAID
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
define: acupuncture
Nonpharmacological treatment for pain that involves the application of needles to precise points on the body
what are adverse reactions caused by morphine, codeine, and fentanyl?(5)
euphoria respiratory depression pupillary constriction constipation physical dependence
define: arthritis
condition that is associated with joint pain
what are some adverse reaction of Pentazocine?(3)
sedation
constipation
G.I. upset
-chronic use me additionally produce hyperalgesia, sexual dysfunction, and decrease immune response
define: opioid
naturally occurring or synthetically derived analgesic with properties similar to those of morphine
define: nociceptors
The nerve fibers in skin, muscle, and other body tissues to carry pain signals
T/F: osteoarthritis pain occurs after activity
false
May occur after activity or at rest
T/F: opioids decrease painful sensations and rise the threshold for pain
true .
define: PCA
patient controlled analgesia
define: substance P
peptide that is involved in the production of pain sensations and controls pain perception
what warning labels can be found on opioid antagonists?(3)
- May cause drowsiness
- May impair ability to drive
- avoid alcohol
define: chronic pain
pain that persists for a long period of time that is worsened by psychological factors and is resistant to many medical treatments
define: trigeminal neuralgia
painful condition that produces intense, stabbing pain in areas of the face innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve
what type of burns are the most severe?
third-degree burns are the most severe because the skin has been destroyed
______ can cause fluid retention, leading to increased blood pressure
NSAIDs
define: dysphoria
feeling of emotional or mental discomfort, restlessness, and depression; the opposite of euphoria
what are some symptoms of osteoarthritis?(4)
joint pain
stiffness
swelling
crepitus
define: shingles
reoccurring and painful rash caused by the herpes zoster virus
what is the onset of action of parenterally administered opioids?
10-15 minutes , a few begin working in less than five minutes.
define: biofeedback
Nonpharmacological treatment of pain that involves relaxation techniques and gaining self-control over muscle tension, heart rate, and skin temperature
T/F: aspirin is eliminated in the urine
true
what are some risk factors for osteoarthritis?(5)
- previous joint injury/surgery
- obesity
- increasing age
- muscle weakness
- occupations that involve excessive joint use
what are some warning labels found on diclofenac?(3)
- take with food
- May cause dizziness or drowsiness
- avoid aspirin and related drugs
define: opiate naïve
no current exposure to opioids
_______ enhances the response to painful stimuli.
Glutamate
_______is the most common of all arthritic conditions.
osteoarthritis
