questions Flashcards
what is the mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?
they inhibit bacterial proteins synthesis. to do this, they bind to a site on the bacterial ribosome that causes the genetic code carried by mRNA to be read incorrectly
what classification is Ceftin?
cephalosporin
-second-generation
_______ is used to detect yeast infections
gram strain
____ and _____ are used in the treatment of AIDS-related pneumonia.
- sulfonamides
2. trimethoprim
define: antibiotic
naturally occurring substance produced by a microorganism or semisynthetic substance derived from the microorganism that is capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of another microorganism
in addition to a gram strain test, a ______ and _______ test may also be performed
- culture
2. sensitivity
T/F: infectious disease is still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally
true
what are risk factors increase the likelihood of infectious disease and decrease the likelihood for adequate treatment? (5)
- poverty
- malnutrition
- lack of clean water
- Poor sanitation
- inadequate housing
define: bactericidal
able to destroy bacteria
define: broad-spectrum antibiotic
antimicrobial that is capable of destroying a wide range of bacteria
what is the only aminoglycosides that is administered orally? what is it used for?
neomycin
-used to reduce the bacteria in the bowel prior to colorectal surgery
define: microbial resistance
ability of bacteria to overcome the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects of an anti-infective. resistance traits are encoded on bacterial genes and can be transferred to other bacteria
what type of bacteria are third-generation cephalosporins most effective against?
gram-negative anaerobic bacteria
define: bacteriostatic
able to inhibit bacterial proliferation; host defense mechanisms destroy the bacteria
in developing countries what is a major cause of infant mortality?
infectious diarrhea
define: ribonucleic acid
- RNA
- I nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis that carries and transfers genetic information and assembles proteins
what serious adverse reactions are linked to aminoglycosides?(2)
- loss of hearing (ototoxicity)
2. kidney damage (nephrotoxicity)
define: deoxyribonucleic asset
- DNA
- The repository of hereditary characteristics; this nucleic acid contains the genetic blueprint
define: beta-lactamase
enzymes secreted by some microbes that has the ability to destroy beta-lactam antibiotics
gram-positive bacteria strain ______ and gram-negative bacteria strain ______.
- purple
2. pink
define: antimicrobial
A substance capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of the microorganism
what are the third-generation cephalosporins?(4)
hint: generic names
- cefotaxime
- ceftazidime
- ceftriaxone
- cefixime
- -also, cefpodoxime and ceftibuten(US only)
examples of infections treated by aminoglycosides are: (7)
- lower respiratory infection
- Peritonitis
- Septicemia
- meningitis
- pelvic inflammatory disease
- endocarditis
- Osteomyelitis
T/F: aminoglycosides are administered parenterally.
false
Aminoglycosides can be administered parenterally, orally or topical application for eye, skin, and ear infections
Effective treatment of bacterial infections is dependent on what three factors?
- host factors
- bacterial factors
- drug factors
what classification is Garasol?
Aminoglycoside
T/F: miss use of antimicrobial agents is a major cause for the development and spread of microbial resistance.
true
ophthalmic dosage forms of aminoglycosides are also prescribed for the treatment of ______ and ______.
- blepharitis
2. conjunctivitis
what classification is maxipime?
cephalosporin
-fourth-generation
why are aminoglycosides effective against aerobic bacteria and not anaerobic bacteria?
Aminoglycosides enter the bacterial cell via an oxygen dependent transport system.
Aminoglycosides are used for the treatment of serious infections of the…(8)
hint: tissues, organs, systems
- bone
- abdomen
- heart
- brain
- urinary tract
- reproductive system
- skin
- kidneys
misuse of antimicrobial agents is defined as the following.(5)
- inappropriate prescribing
- failure to complete full course of therapy
- administration of antibacterial agents for viral infections (eg., common cold)
- antibiotics in the food chain
- lack of guidelines for preventing the spread of infection in institutional care settings
T/F: aminoglycosides may also be administered to sterilize the bowel prior to bowel surgery
true
what is a common ending for aminoglycosides?
-mycin
T/F: Innate or nonspecific immunity is in place before a person is exposed to a particular harmful particle or condition.
true
The primary types of cells involved in innate immunity are epithelial barrier cells, phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), and natural killer(NK) cells
what classification is keflex?
cephalosporins
-first-generation
what are the second-generation cephalosporins?(3)
hint: generic names
- cefaclor
- cefoxitin
- cefuroxime
- –also, cefotetan(US only)
_______ is needed for the bacterial synthesis of DNA.
Folic acid
-unlike humans, bacteria must synthesize their own folic acid; they cannot get it from external sources
___________ are anti folate drugs and _______ is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor.
- sulfonamides
- trimethoprim
- both block the bacterial synthesis of folic acid
T/F: microbes can learn how to withstand the effects of antibiotics; currently, there exists superbugs that are resistant to any available antimicrobial agent.
true
-Multidrug resistance is a serious problem
what drug classification does zyvoxam belong to?
oxazolidinones
_____ is used for the treatment of tuberculosis
isoniazid
what classification is Tobrex?
Aminoglycoside
______ is the only glycopeptide antibiotic available
vancomycin
second-generation cephalosporins are most effective against what type of bacteria?
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
what is the only fourth-generation cephalosporin?
hint: generic name
cefepime
T/F: the oral absorption of fluoroquinolones is low.
false
Oral absorption is good, the half-life of newer agents (moxifloxacin) is long permitting once daily dosing.
T/F: outdated tetracycline becomes less potent
false
becomes toxic
cephalosporins are formulated for ____, ______, and ______ use.
- oral
- intramuscular
- intravenous
what is a fourth-generation cephalosporin administered to treat?(2)
- pneumonia
2. urinary tract infections
what classification is ceclor?
cephalosporin
-second-generation
what drug classification is a Zithromax?
macro life’s and related anti-infectives
what kind of bacterial infections are first-generation cephalosporins effective in the treatment of?(2)
- staphylococcal infections
- streptococcal infections
of the skin and soft tissue
which drug classifications are Beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?(4)
- penicillins
- cephalosporins
- carbapenems
- monobactums
______ may produce a metallic taste
metronidazole
fluoroquinolones are indicated for the treatment of______. (6)
- urinary tract infections
- sinusitis
- sexually-transmitted infections
- bacterial conjunctivitis
- infectious diarrhea
- anthrax
- and numerous other infections
what drug classification is effective for treating gonorrhea?
third-generation cephalosporins
what drug classification is Zymar?
fluoroquinolones
what adverse reactions are produced by cephalosporins? (9)
diarrhea headache dizziness nausea vomiting gas abdominal pain dry mouth heartburn
ceph- and cef- are common beginings for what drug classification?
cephalosporins
________ antibiotics are effective for treating aerobic gram-negative bacilli, staphylococci, and mycobacterium.
Aminoglycoside
what classification is Suprax?
cephalosporin
-third-generation
common side effects of linezolid include..(10)
skin rash itching change in taste headache mild diarrhea dizziness mild stomach upset nausea vomiting temporary tongue discoloration
the use of clindamycin is associated with the development _______ bacteria
C. difficile
-drinking plenty of fluids can lower the risk for development of this condition
are common adverse reactions of fluoroquinolones? (8)
diarrhea crystalluria photosensitivity dizziness drowsiness headache nausea upset stomach
______ is one of the first antibiotics discovered
pencillin
fluoroquinolones are formulated for _____, _____ and _____ use.
- oral
- ophthalmic
- parenteral
T/F: fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnant women
true.
Cartlidge deformities and tendon rupture may occur in children and developing fetuses
what are tetracyclines used for the treatment of?
STI- such as chlamydia
Lyme disease
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
what drug classification is Levaquin?
fluoroquinolones
what drug classification does biaxin belong to?
macrolides
macrolide antibiotics are primarily used for the treatment of ______.
upper respiratory infections
what are adverse reactions of tetracyclines?(4)
vomiting
diarrhea
nausea
photosensitivity
T/F: oral penicillins are used to treat many infections, including upper respiratory infections, skin infections and strep throat
true.
also otitis media, and to prevent recurrent rheumatic fever.
erythromycin is used for the prevention of _______ infections and _____ in addition to URI treatments
- neonatal eye infections
2. acne
what is a common adverse reaction with the use of macrolides?
gastrointestinal(GI) upset
-they may also decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives
what kind of bacteria are first-generation cephalosporins most effective against?
hint: bacteria type not infection type
gram-positive aerobic bacteria
________’s may be administered before dental and other medical procedures to prevent bacterial endocarditis in individuals with prosthetic heart valves.
penicillins
______ may be prescribed for pelvic inflammatory disease.
ampicillin
Standard penicillins lack stability in gastric acids, which is why most are administered _______.
intramuscularly
–or must be taken on an empty stomach. The exception is penicillin VK, which is relatively acid stable
penicillins that are formulated as powders for reconstitution have shortened expire ration dates. expiration dates range from ____ to ___ days, depending on the drug
10 to 14
why are tetracyclines contraindicated in pregnancy and small children?
they can weaken fetal bone, retard bone growth, weaken tooth enamel, and strain teeth
what are the most common adverse reactions to penicillins? (7)
diarrhea loss of appetite nausea vomiting sore mouth stomach gas heartburn -May also decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives
what 2 drugs are most effective against the bacterium H. influenzae?
hint: generic names
- azithromycin
2. clarithromycin
what are some other adverse effects of penicillins?(4)
- superinfection
- hypersensitivity
- hematological reactions
- neurological reactions
_______ is abbreviated as INH. (however use of acronyms may cause medication errors)
isoniazid
______ are the oldest antimicrobial agents.
sulfonamides
-developed in 1930, use spread in 1940s(WWII)
what are the first generation cephalosporins?(4)
hint: generic names
- cefazolin
- cefadroxil
- cephalexin
- cephalothin
common adverse reactions with the use of sulfonamides are…(8)
nausea vomiting abdominal pain headache drowsiness dizziness diarrhea photosensitivity
_____ destroys the protozoa that causes giardiasis (travelers diarrhea) and trichomoniasis (a STI)
metronidazole
metronidazole is formulated for _____, _____, ______, and _____ use.
oral
parenteral
vaginal
topical
what warning label should be applied to prescription vials for tetracycline?
- avoid antacids and dairy product’s within two hours of dose
- avoid tanning and prolonged exposure to sunlight
isoniazid may cause ______ and ______. therefore concurrent administration of vitamin B6 is recommended.
liver disease
nerve damage
Carbapenems are more effective against gram-_____ bacteria then other Beta-lactam antibiotic agents.
negative
-this is because they have a greater ability to penetrate the outer membrane of the bacteria
T/F: first-generation cephalosporins do not penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in adequate concentration to treat meningitis.
true
…whereas most third-generation agents reach a high enough level
The expiration date of powder for the oral suspension of erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin is ______ once the drug is reconstituted
shortened
what type of infections are second-generation cephalosporins effective for treating?
upper respiratory infections such as Haemophilus influenzae
A common ending for tetracycline drugs is _____.
-cycline
