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ARRT Fluoroscopy Certification > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

high bone marrow examinations

A
  • barium enema
  • upper GI series
  • abdominal angiography
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2
Q

biological effects of ionizing radiation that are manifested in offspring

A

genetic effects

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3
Q

cell line used as an indicator of somatic effects of radiation

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

photocathode gives off what in proportion to the intensity of fluorescent light?

A

electrons

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5
Q

in an x-ray system with ABC and an x-ray tube BELOW the table, moving the image intensifier AWAY from the patient will do what to the patient’s radiation exposure?

A

increase

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6
Q

cell type most sensitive to radiation

A

lymphocytes

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7
Q

strong correlation between the mean radiation dose received by bone marrow and what?

A

leukemia

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8
Q

what is half-value layer (HVL)?

A

thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce x-ray intensity to 1/2 its original value

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9
Q

collision between an x-ray photon and INNER orbital electron, knocking the electron out of its orbit

A

photoelectric effect

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10
Q

what organ is NOT used for somatic dose measurements

A

thyroid

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11
Q

what are required to be posted in x-ray areas?

A
  • form RH-2364 “Notice to Employees”
  • copy of operating procedures
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12
Q

tighter collimation to reduce the FOV will cause image brightness to

A

reduce

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13
Q

minimum lead equivalent thickness for protective aprons

A

0.5 mm

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14
Q

probability of an effect occurring

A

stochastic effect

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15
Q

severity of an effect that has occurred

A

nonstochastic effect, aka, deterministic effect

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16
Q

in digital imaging, adjusting the window level changes

A

contrast

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17
Q

photoconductive target function

A

allows an electron charge to be generated

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18
Q

can operator exposure occur after the dead-man switch is released?

A

NO

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19
Q

hypothesis states that any radiation dose has some degree of effect

A

non-threshold

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20
Q

type of sterility resulting from a 50 rad exposure to gonads

A

temporary

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21
Q

reason filters are used in film badges

A

measure doses over a wide range of energies

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22
Q

type of image receptor converts x-rays into an electrical charge using an array (matrix) of detector elements

A

flat panel detector

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23
Q

bucky slot cover lead equivalent thickness

A

0.25 mm

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24
Q

dose equivalent limit to an embryo/fetus during the ENTIRE pregnancy for an occupational exposure of a pregnant woman

A

5 mSv

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25
Q

image characteristics greatest at the center of the image intensifier

A
  • resolution
  • detail
  • brightness
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26
Q

an operator should use a thyroid shield when

A

performing fluoroscopy and standing close to the patient

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27
Q

type of image receptor uses either direct or indirect methods to convert x-rays into an electrical charge

A

flat panel detector

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28
Q

conversion factor formula

A

intensity of output phosphor ÷ mrads/s

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29
Q

term refers to the standardized method of evaluating the brightness of an image intensifier

A

conversion factor

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29
Q

closed-circuit systems transmit signals through

A

cables

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30
Q

component of a fluoroscopic system that speeds up electrons

A

accelerating anode

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30
Q

when the fluoroscopy time limit has been reached, the manual-reset timer must do the following

A
  • produce an audible signal
  • interrupt the x-ray beam
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31
Q

minification gain x flux gain =

A

total brightness gain

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32
Q

occurs when the diameter of the image from the optical system is SMALLER than the shortest dimension of the film

A

underframing

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33
Q

mild adverse effects from contrast media

A
  • mild nausea/vomiting
  • limited urticaria
  • limited “itchy” throat
  • nasal congestion
  • sneezing/runny nose
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34
Q

moderate adverse effects from contrast media

A
  • protracted nausea/vomiting
  • diffuse urticaria
  • diffuse erythema
  • facial edema w/o difficulty breathing
  • wheezing w/o hypoxia
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35
Q

severe adverse effects from contrast media

A
  • facial edema w/ difficulty breathing
  • diffuse erythema w/ hypotension
  • laryngeal edema or wheezing w/ hypoxia
  • anaphylactic shock
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36
Q

minimum required thickness of protective curtains

A

0.25 mm Pb equivalent

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37
Q

when should the State be notified If an occupational worker receives an exposure of 0.02 Sv for 3 consecutive calendar quarters?

A

w/i 30 days

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38
Q

immediate notification to the Radiologic Health Branch is required if an individual has received

A
  • total effective dose equivalent ≥ 25 rems (0.25 Sv)
  • eye dose equivalent ≥ 75 rems (0.75 Sv)
  • shallow-dose equivalent to the skin or extremities ≥ 250 rads (2.5 Sv)
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39
Q

24-hour notification to the Radiologic Health Branch is required if an individual has received

A
  • total effective dose equivalent ≥ 5 rems (0.05 Sv)
  • eye dose equivalent ≥ 15 rems (0.15 Sv)
  • shallow-dose equivalent to the skin or extremities ≥ 50 rads (0.5 Sv)
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40
Q

doubling exposure time does what to the total exposure of the patient

A

doubles

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41
Q

legal aspects of taking X-rays fall under

A
  • civil law
  • regulatory law
  • administrative law
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42
Q

how many days after the onset of menses is it safest to perform x-rays?

A

10-14 days

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43
Q

irradiated animals die from

A

the same diseases as non-irradiated controls but at a younger age

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44
Q

what are the specified parameters to measure fluoroscopy exposure rates using a phantom?

A
  • maximum 5 rads/min
  • 30 cm from the image intensifier
  • using a phantom 9 in of water
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45
Q

what must be posted in areas where x-ray machines are being used?

A
  • x-ray supervisor and operator permit
  • radiologic technologist certificate
  • RHD’s “Notice to Employees” (form RH-2364)
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46
Q

curve used as a basis for regulatory radiation guidelines

A

curve that intersects the abscissa at the origin

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47
Q

if the x-ray tube is fixed BELOW the table in a system equipped with ABC, what effect will moving the image intensifier AWAY from the patient have?

A

increase the patient dose

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48
Q

recording system that can reduce patient dose up to 95%

A

video disc recording

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49
Q

of horizontal lines on a television monitor

A

525

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50
Q

identify the labeled components

A

I. = photocathode
II. = input phosphor

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51
Q

what is the process in the image intensifier where electrons are accelerated from the photocathode to the output phosphor?

A

electron intensification

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52
Q

what is the minification gain in an image intensifier with a 10 in input phosphor and a 1 in output phosphor?

A

100

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53
Q

point where the dose-effect curve intersects the abscissa

A

threshold dose

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54
Q

fluoroscopic examinations should

A
  • minimize patient exposure
  • minimize operator exposure
  • obtain necessary diagnostic information
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55
Q

is a dose to the embryo/fetus considered a genetic dose?

A

NO

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56
Q

which of the following is directly proportional to the exposure delivered to the patient?

A

mA

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57
Q

how many rads of acute X-radiation in the diagnostic energy range to the eyes will result in cataracts?

A

200-300 rads

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58
Q

component that controls the radiation exposure incident at the input phosphor in cine film imaging

A

aperture

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59
Q

term that refers to the frequency range of a video signal

A

bandpass

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60
Q

radiation damage exhibited in the offspring of people exposed to radiation

A

genetic dose

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61
Q

disadvantages of using pocket ionization chambers

A
  • sensitive to mechanical shock
  • must be calibrated periodically
  • do not provide a permanent record
  • information is lost if over-exposed
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62
Q

sends light from the image intensifier to viewing and recording systems

A

camera control unit

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63
Q

half-value layer (HVL) is a characteristic of an x-rays

A

quality

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64
Q

thyroid shields are used by operators

A

when the operator is close to the patient during fluoroscopy

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65
Q

structure does light hit first in the human eye

A

cornea

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66
Q

factors that lead to radiation exposure to the operator

A
  • radiation leakage from the x-ray housing
  • scatter off the patient
  • scatter off the collimator
  • scatter off the table top
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67
Q

maximum monthly radiation dose to an embryo/fetus

A

0.5 mSv

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68
Q

mutations from radiation exposure tend to be

A

deleterious

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69
Q

material that absorbs less penetrating x-rays from the useful beam

A

filter

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70
Q

minimum total filtration required in fluoroscopic equipment at normal operating voltage

A

2.5 mm Al equivalent

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71
Q

approximate dose to a fetus from an upper-GI examination of a pregnant patient with a total skin exposure of 5 Roentgens

A

100 mrads

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72
Q

is NOT a known form of radiation-induced cancer

A

retinoblastoma

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73
Q

predetermined time limit for a cumulative manual-reset timer

A

5 minutes

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74
Q

personnel monitoring devices that discharge a capacitor by the ionization of air when in the presence of radiation

A
  • pocket chamber
  • pocket ionization chamber
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75
Q

cancers that have been seen in humans exposed to high levels of radiation

A
  • leukemias
  • bone malignancies
  • skin malignancies
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76
Q

what factors will influence the effect of radiation exposure?

A
  • radiation type
  • radiation dose
  • cell type
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77
Q

formula to calculate lifetime (cumulative) occupational exposure limit

A

10 mSv x years

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78
Q

time it it takes to change a fluoroscopic system from a vertical to a horizontal imaging position

A

2 seconds

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79
Q

what happens if the FOV is held constant and the matrix size decreases?

A
  • pixel size increases
  • spatial resolution decreases
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80
Q

bone marrow areas typically exposed when wearing a lead apron

A
  • clavicles
  • skull
  • arms
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81
Q

sperm precursors

A

spermatogonia

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82
Q

film size in spot filming cameras has what effect on dose to the patient?

A

larger film size = greater radiation dose

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83
Q

tabletop intensity of the X-ray beam for a system operating at 80 kVp should not exceed how many rads per minute

A

2.2 per mA

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84
Q

as matrix size increases

A
  • pixel size decreases
  • spatial resolution increases
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85
Q

major source of secondary radiation in radiography is from

A

patient’s body

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86
Q

people that must be monitored regardless of their likely exposure

A
  • people who operate mobile x-ray equipment
  • people who enter a high radiation area
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87
Q

reproductive cells that are irradiated may have changes in their

A
  • genes
  • chromosomes
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88
Q

visual acuity of rods (scotopic vision) is what compared to cones (photopic vision)?

A

worse

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89
Q

used to compare the spatial resolution of imaging systems

A

modulation transfer factor (MTF)

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90
Q

with optical coupling between an image intensifier, and viewing and recording systems, how much light is sent to the recording system (cine camera)?

A

90%

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91
Q

does NOT affect patient exposure

A

room lighting

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92
Q

of horizontal scan lines on a television monitor

A

525

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93
Q

reason film badges are used

A
  • provide a record of exposure
  • measure operator exposure
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94
Q

accounts for the majority of the population’s exposure to man-made radiation

A

medical use

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95
Q

acute dose of radiation that forms cataracts

A

200 rads

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96
Q

effects from radiation exposure that occur long after exposure are referred to as

A
  • delayed effects
  • long-term effects
  • late effects
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97
Q

Sievert is a measure of

A

absorbed dose equivalent

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98
Q

animal experiments have shown that deleterious effects to an embryo can be produced with as little as radiation exposure as

A

10 rad

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99
Q

resolving power measurement

A

lp/mm

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100
Q

estimated percentage of the population that are exposed to fluoroscopy yearly

A

5%

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101
Q

pixels are given values for a certain color or gray level; the number of bits used to encode these pixel values is known as

A

bit depth

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102
Q

primary purpose of protective drapes

A

to reduce scatter to the operator

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103
Q

digital fluoroscopy systems are commonly used to record images of

A

vessels

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104
Q

occurs when the diameter of the image from the optical system is LARGER than the shortest dimension of the film, resulting in part of the image being lost

A

overframing

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105
Q

total number of cycles per second available for display by the television camera

A

bandwidth (bandpass)

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106
Q

skin dose is a good indicator of

A

dose to nearby organs

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107
Q

the following are required to be posted in x-ray areas

A
  • supervisors and operators permits
  • technologists fluoroscopy permits
  • radiographers certificates
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108
Q

what happens to a patient’s entrance skin exposure (ESE) when the FOV is decreased on the image intensifier?

A

increases

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109
Q

least radiosensitive cell type

A

muscle

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110
Q

can be directly linked to long-term radiation exposure

A

cataracts

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111
Q

primary radiation is considered

A

useful x-ray beam

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112
Q

output phosphor converts electrons into

A

light

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113
Q

ratio between the vertical resolution and the number of scan lines

A

Kell factor

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114
Q

in California, how frequently must tube potential (kVp) and current (mA) must be monitored?

A

weekly

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115
Q

what is an eye dose equivalent, and what is the annual limit?

A
  • radiation exposure to the lens of the eye
  • 0.15 Sv
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116
Q

the output phosphor converts photoelectrons into

A

light photons

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117
Q

how many mA would be used during spot filming

A

100 mA

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118
Q

thickness (in lead equivalent) of protective curtains

A

0.25 mm

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119
Q

grainy appearance in an image caused by statistical fluctuation of absorbed X-ray photons

A

quantum mottle

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120
Q

has all its signals carried through cables

A

closed circuit TV system

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121
Q

absorbed dose (rads) can result in spontaneous abortion of a fetus

A

50 rads

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122
Q

medical use accounts for what percentage of the average population’s exposure from man-made radiation?

A

90%

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123
Q

when electrons are accelerated from the photocathode to the output phosphor

A

electron intensification

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124
Q

a higher frame rate sequence leads to

A
  • higher patient dose
  • improved motion aspect as seen by the operator
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125
Q

major source of secondary radiation in radiography

A

patient’s body

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126
Q

what are personnel monitoring devices

A
  • pocket ion chamber
  • thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
  • film badge
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127
Q

increasing the kilovolt peak (kVp) and decreasing the milliamperage (mA) will have what effect on skin exposure?

A

decrease

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128
Q

in cinefluorography, term for camera shutter opening at the same frequency as x-ray pulses

A

synchronization

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129
Q

can humans detect ionizing radiation as it passes through their body?

A

NO

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130
Q

fluoroscopy technologists can do what?

A
  • report a diagnosis to a patient if ordered by a licentiate of the healing arts
  • position patients correctly during fluoroscopy
  • check that images are of high enough quality
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131
Q

purpose of an electron gun

A

to produce a scanning electron beam

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132
Q

factors directly proportional to milliamperage (mA)

A
  • X-ray output
  • radiation dose to patient
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133
Q

clinical benefits of PACS

A
  • simultaneous viewing of images
  • faster turnaround of diagnosis
  • digital images
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134
Q

what is NOT a clinical benefit of PACS?

A

hard copy backups

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135
Q

maximum kilovoltage peak (kVp) typically used during fluoroscopy

A

150 kVp

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136
Q
A
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137
Q

x-ray operator is required to wear personnel monitoring equipment when?

A

only when working

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138
Q

resolution of modern cesium iodide image intensifier tubes

A

4 lp/mm

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139
Q

main disadvantage of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD)

A

exposures can only be read once

140
Q

should be checked to confirm a patient’s identity prior to conducting a radiographic exam

A
  • name
  • DOB
141
Q

film badge readings are recorded using this unit of measurement

A

Sievert

142
Q

standardized method of evaluating the brightness of an image intensifier

A

conversion factor

143
Q

approximate exposure a patient would receive during 5 minutes of fluoroscopy

A

10-30 rads

144
Q

why is a single anatomic dose reading NOT representative of the total somatic effect from radiological examinations?

A
  • protective shielding
  • x-ray beam may restricted to one area
  • radiation doses are not uniformly distributed
145
Q

term referring to the ability of the human eye to perceive fine detail

A

visual acuity

146
Q

for fluoroscopic systems with x-ray tubes located UNDER the table, the most scattered radiation is directed

A

towards the floor

147
Q

may cause an image artifact during a radiographic procedure

A
  • buttons on gowns
  • catheters
148
Q

an estimated 95% dose reduction can be achieved when using this during fluoroscopy

A

video disc recording

149
Q

ability to differentiate small objects as separate images (line pairs per millimeter) is

A

resolution

150
Q

if the Bucky tray is moved to the end of the examination table, leaving an opening at the gonadal level, this must be automatically covered with at least

A

0.25 mm lead equivalent

151
Q

fall-off in brightness at the periphery of an image

A

vignetting

152
Q

must happen to the exposure in a fluoroscopic system if the useful beam is no longer aimed at the image intensifier

A

must be automatically turned off

153
Q

Bucky tray location during fluoroscopy

A

foot of exam table

154
Q

television monitor consists of

A
  • cathode ray tube
  • contrast control function
  • brightness control function
  • picture tube
155
Q

grainy or blotchy appearance of a fluoroscopic image is a result of

A
  • statistical fluctuations
  • quantum mottle
  • low number of absorbed photons
156
Q

the use of fluorescence for the observation of a dynamic image

A

fluoroscopy

157
Q

best spatial resolution

A

biggest matrix size

158
Q

in California, how long do an individual’s radiation monitoring records need to be preserved by the employer?

A

indefintely

159
Q

exposure to an operator who is wearing a lead apron and facing the patient occurs primarily to the following body parts

A
  • skull
  • clavicles
  • arms
160
Q

allows the measurement of radiation doses over a wide range of energies in a film badge

A

filter

161
Q

somatic changes caused by radiation

A
  • decreased fertility
  • cancer
  • injuries to a fetus
162
Q

most radiosensitive cell type

A

leukocyte (white blood cell)

163
Q

line pair grid measures this image characteristic

A

resolution

164
Q

an image that is not created by the intersection of light rays and is used for computational purposes

A

virtual image

165
Q

factors that will influence the effect of radiation exposure

A
  • radiation type
  • radiation dose
  • cell type
166
Q

loss of image brightness at the periphery of an image is a result of

A
  • lower brightness gain at the periphery
  • periphery of image is displayed over a larger area than the center
167
Q

film badges should be attached

A

above the apron at collar level

168
Q

focal spot size of a fluoroscopic x-ray tube is _____ than the focal spot size of a radiographic x-ray tube

A

often smaller

169
Q

unit is used to measure the input intensity of an x-ray tube

A

mA

170
Q

stochastic effects

A
  • somatic effects
  • carcinogenesis
171
Q

thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) are made from

A

lithium fluoride

172
Q

personnel radiation monitors used

A

to check that individuals receive less than the maximum allowed radiation dose

173
Q

in a fluoroscopic system with ABC and an X-ray tube UNDER the table, moving the image intensifier AWAY from the patient does what?

A
  • increases patient dose
  • decreases # of x-rays intercepted by the image intensifier
174
Q

annual occupational dose equivalent limit for lens of the eye (eye dose equivalent)

A

0.15 Sv

175
Q

maximum exposure rate allowed for fluoroscopic equipment manufactured after August 1, 1974, with automatic exposure controls (AEC)

A

10 rads/min

176
Q

geneticists in general agree that most genetic mutations are

A

harmful

177
Q

what barrier must be in the walls and floors exposed to the primary beam?

A

primary barrier

178
Q

factors important for obtaining high quality fluoroscopic images

A
  • centering area of interest
  • no motion during imaging
  • appropriate patient positioning
179
Q

best ways to reduce operator exposure

A
  • decreasing exposure time
  • increasing operator distance from radiation source
  • using lead apron
180
Q

primary cause of shape distortion

A

geometric factors

181
Q

how soon must the State Department of Health be notified if an occupational worker receives an exposure of 0.05 Sv to the skin or extremities?

A

no notification needed

182
Q

characteristics of contrast media

A
  • low toxicity
  • high atomic number
183
Q

decreasing exposure

A

decreases the # of absorbed photons

184
Q

long-term effects from radiation exposure that are of greater concern from a public health standpoint

A
  • genetic effects
  • carcinogenic effects
185
Q

total filtration must be used in fluoroscopic tubes operating above 70 kVp

A

2.5mm aluminum equivalent

186
Q

before doing any radiographic or fluoroscopic procedure what must be done?

A
  • appropriate shielding should be placed on the patient
  • lead aprons should be worn by all people
  • females should be asked if they are pregnant
187
Q

whole body (total effective dose equivalent) annual occupational dose equivalent limit

A

0.05 Sv

188
Q

occupational exposure limit for the entire gestational period for a pregnant worker

A

5 mSv (0.005 Sv)

189
Q

Roentgen is a measure of

A

exposure

190
Q

what documentation is necessary in order to expose human beings to X-rays for diagnostic purposes?

A
  • technologist fluoroscopy permit
  • supervisor and operator radiology certificate, OR
  • supervisor and operator fluoroscopy permit
191
Q

prior to administering a contrast agent, a radiographer must

A
  • alert a physician if there are any concerns
  • review the patient’s medical allergies
  • complete a patient assessment
192
Q

long-term effects of radiation manifested in humans as a

A

statistical increase in rates of disease

193
Q

a pediatric fluoroscopy exam with a gonad shield should of at least what lead equivalent to protect the child’s gonads?

A

0.5 mm

194
Q

an image that is only for computational purposes where the light rays do not actually intersect

A

virtual image

195
Q

a lower f-number means more what is available to form an image?

A

light

196
Q

a radiation dose with a threshold, and a severity of effect that varies with dose

A

nonstochastic effect, aka, deterministic effect

197
Q

unit is analogous to the rem

A

Sievert

198
Q

stochastic effects of radiation

A

probability of an effect occurring from radiation exposure

199
Q

keeps the light output of the image intensifier constant

A

automatic brightness control (ABC)

200
Q

minimum lead equivalent thickness for a gonadal shield

A

0.5 mm

201
Q

Kell factor of a 525 scan line system with a vertical resolution of 367

A

367/525 = 0.7

202
Q
  • can report a diagnosis to a patient if told to do so by a physician
  • position patients correctly during fluoroscopy
A

technologists

203
Q

minimum required thickness (lead equivalent) of a primary protective barrier for systems operating above 125 kilovolt peak (kVp)

A

2 mm

204
Q

imaging method that can reduce patient exposure by taking short x-rays with low frame rates

A

pulsed fluoroscopy

205
Q

whole body dose refers to exposure to

A
  • head
  • trunk
  • arms above elbows
  • legs above knees
206
Q

component of fluoroscopic system that absorbs electrons and emits light photons

A

output phosphor

207
Q

Compton scattering involves the interaction of what components

A

x-ray photon AND outer orbital electron

208
Q

during mobile (c-arm) fluoroscopy, decreasing the source to skin distance (SSD) does what to the entrance skin exposure (ESE)?

A

increases it

209
Q

damage to the CNS from radiation exposure resulting in changes to learning patterns and development can result from radiation exposure during which stage of pregnancy?

A

second AND third trimesters

210
Q

unit of energy used to denote work

A

erg

211
Q

as cine film is advanced from frame to frame, the coordination of x-ray production is referred to as

A

synchronization

212
Q

automatic brightness control (ABC) mode should be monitored with a designated phantom every

A

week

213
Q

personnel monitoring device that allows immediate reading of radiation exposure

A

pocket ionization chamber

214
Q

standard image intensifier resolution

A

4 lp/mm

215
Q

supervisors should give 3 hours of clinical instruction within 1 year of completion of a technologists didactic instruction in the following categories

A
  • GI
  • vascular and angiography
  • orthopedic
216
Q

a cine exam using 35 mm film at 30 frames/second compared to fluoroscopy will have what effect on skin exposure?

A

greater

217
Q

coordinating the video signal between the camera and monitor serves to

A

retrace an exact image

218
Q

increasing the voltage in an image intensifier tube has what effects?

A
  • compresses the electron beam
  • moves the crossover point to further away from the output phosphor
219
Q

grids are used in x-ray systems to improve image quality, but can increase the radiation dose to patients and staff by how much?

A

1.5-2x

220
Q

must be done to the video signal when the electron beam produces a voltage that is sent to the television camera

A
  • amplified
  • synchronized
221
Q

approximate dose that can cause acute skin erythema

A

200-300 rads (200-300 centrigray)

222
Q

total filtration that must be used in fluoroscopic tubes operating above 70 kVp

A

2.5mm aluminum equivalent

223
Q

according to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, radiosensitivity depends on

A
  • # of undifferentiated cells
  • degree of mitotic activity of cells
  • life cycle of exposed cells
224
Q

lead glass shield that is ceiling supported shield

A

overhanging shield

225
Q

must be included on fluoroscopic images

A
  • patient’s name
  • patient’s DOB
226
Q

minimum total filtration required in fluoroscopic equipment at normal operating voltage

A

2.5 mm Al equivalent

227
Q

estimated reduction in exposure from diagnostic x-rays that can be achieved without compromising patient benefit

A

50%

228
Q

cathode-grid assembly aka

A

electron gun

229
Q

aprons of at least 0.25 mm lead equivalent must be worn if the operator is likely to receive this dose of radiation

A

5 mrads/hr

230
Q

increase in output image brightness of an image intensifier tube due to the size reduction of the output image is

A

minification gain

231
Q

mobile screens are available in what lead equivalent thickness

A

1 or 2 mm

232
Q

input phosphor function

A

absorbs x-rays

233
Q

organization considered to be the world authority on the safe use of ionizing radiation

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

234
Q

image characteristics greatest at the center of the image intensifier

A
  • resolution
  • brightness
235
Q

turns the video signal into an image

A

TV monitor

236
Q

occurs when the milliamperage is increased on an x-ray tube

A
  • increased image brightness
  • increased operator exposure
  • increased patient exposure
237
Q

damage due to radiation exposure

A

dose-rate dependent

238
Q

visibility of mottle in a system is determined by

A
  • resolution
  • contrast
  • sensitivity
239
Q

contrast on the television monitor should be set so that

A

darkest object is just below the black level

240
Q

radiation dose produces less damage if

A
  • is spread out over a long period of time
  • it is protracted over a long period of time
241
Q

T/F: dose received by an embryo/fetus is a genetic dose

A

false

242
Q

0.25 mm lead equivalent apron will reduce radiation exposure at 75 kVp approximately

A

97%

243
Q

during fluoroscopy, the room lighting should be what to enhance visualization of black and white television images?

A

dim

244
Q

short term effects of radiation exposure refer to what time periods?

A
  • minutes
  • days
  • weeks
245
Q

exposure reduction of a 0.25 mm thick lead apron at 50 kVp

A

99%

246
Q

is NOT considered an occupational radiation exposure

A

radiation exposure for a medical diagnosis

247
Q

actual radiation exposure compared to the amount recorded by a personnel monitoring device

A

sometimes much higher

248
Q

“high radiation area” is an area in which individuals could receive a dose equivalent greater than what in one hour?

A

1 mSv (0.001 Sv)

249
Q

projecting an image formed on a curved input phosphor to a flat output phosphor leads to

A

pincushion distortion

250
Q

compared to normal size mode, what happens to the patient radiation dose with magnification mode?

A

increases

251
Q

used to compare the spatial resolution of imaging systems

A

modulation transfer function (MTF)

252
Q

components of a closed-circuit television system

A
  • Vidicon camera
  • camera control unit
  • monitor
253
Q

body area that has the largest distribution of fluoroscopic examinations

A

GI tract

254
Q

maximum tabletop dose rate when imaging with high level (boost) fluoroscopy

A

20 rads/min (20 centigray/min)

255
Q

lower image quality at low radiation doses is a result of

A

quantum mottle

256
Q

component that converts an electrical signal into a visible image

A

monitor (TV monitor)

257
Q

Genetically Significant Dose (GSD) is a function of

A
  • radiograph examination rate
  • # of future children
  • average gonad dose per exam
258
Q

ratio of the intensity of the output phosphor to the input exposure rate in mrads/sec

A

conversion factor

259
Q

if the FOV is held constant, what will improve spatial resolution?

A
  • increasing the # of pixels
260
Q

groups of people that showed early evidence of the potential harmful effects of large dose exposure to ionizing radiation

A
  • radiologists
  • radium Industry workers
261
Q

disease seen in early radiologists

A

leukemia

262
Q

fluoroscopic system that keeps the light output of the image intensifier constant over variations of patient thickness and density

A

ABS (automatic brightness stabilization)

263
Q

inverse square law (intensity of radiation is proportional to the square of the distance from the source)

A

I1(D1)2 = I2(D2)2

264
Q

thyroid shield thickness

A

0.25 mm and 0.5 mm

265
Q

personnel monitoring device that’s accurate w/i 9% of the actual exposure dose

A

thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)

266
Q

electrons are focused by the

A

electrostatic lenses

267
Q

cornerstone principle of minimizing radiation exposure in medicine

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

268
Q

area most susceptible to radiation induced cancer

A

hematopoietic tissue

269
Q

severity of radiation injury on the cellular level is dependent on

A

location of the radiation interaction w/i the cell

270
Q

time required for the eye to recognize an image

A

visual acuity

271
Q

maximum mA setting typically used during fluoroscopy

A

5 mA

272
Q

approximate radiation exposure from a routine upper gastrointestinal (GI) study

A

100 mrads

273
Q

percentage of the active bone marrow of the body does a lead apron cover

A

70%

274
Q

image processing tasks used in digital imaging

A
  • edge enhancement
  • road mapping
  • temporal frame averaging
275
Q

record keeping is NOT required by the State of California Radiation Control Regulations for

A

all personnel hired by the radiology department

276
Q

T/F: humans detect ionizing radiation as it passes through their body

A

false

277
Q

altered genetic information that is passed on to cells of the offspring

A

genetic dose

278
Q

minimum required total filtration that must be permanently fixed in the useful beam for fluoroscopy

A

2.5 mm Al equivalent

279
Q

relative increase in exposure when using magnification mode, where the center 6 inches of the input screen is now visualized over the entire 9 inch window

A

2.25

increase in patient radiation dose = (normal mode size)2/(magnification mode size)2

280
Q

mobile C-arm fluoroscopy systems do NOT require

A

protective curtains

281
Q

laboratory and clinical methods will generally not show injury until what exposure of rads is reached

A

25 rads

282
Q

contrast agent volume is determined by what following factors?

A
  • patient size
  • area being imaged
283
Q

“radiation area” is an area in which individuals could receive a dose equivalent greater than what in one hour?

A

0.05 mSv (0.00005 Sv)

284
Q

increasing the kilovoltage peak (kVp) and decreasing the milliamperage (mA) does what to skin exposure?

A

decreases skin exposure

285
Q

pixel characteristics

A
  • smallest element of a digital image
  • pixels make up a square matrix
  • characterized by location, size, and value
286
Q

basic building blocks of life and the majority of cell information is stored in

A

DNA

287
Q

distortion around the edge of an image due to geometric problems in the shape of an image intensification tube

A

pincushion distortion

288
Q

control methods by the brightness sensor in an automatic brightness stabilization (ABS) circuit

A
  • variable mA, preset kVp
  • variable mA with kVp following
  • variable kVp with selected mA
  • variable kVp, variable mA
289
Q

which is NOT a control method by the brightness sensor in an automatic brightness stabilization (ABS) circuit?

A

preset kVp with mA following

290
Q

minimum required thickness (lead equivalent) of a primary protective barrier for systems operating above 125 kVp

A

2 mm

291
Q

indicator of somatic effects of radiation

A

bone marrow

292
Q

resolving power is measured by

A

lp/mm

293
Q

lifetime (cumulative) occupational exposure limit for a 45 year old worker

A

450 mSv

10 mSv x years

294
Q

mobile screens are available in this lead equivalent thickness

A

0.5 mm

295
Q

how much light is sent to the viewing system (vidicon) between an optical coupling between an image intensifier, and viewing and recording systems?

A

10%

296
Q

lowest radiation dose film badges can detect

A

10 mrads

297
Q

exposure rate at the tabletop can exceed 10 rads/min if

A

using ABC on large patients

298
Q

used to adjust contrast resolution

A
  • window level
  • window width
299
Q

needs to be coordinated with the same frequency of X-ray pulses during cine film generation

A

camera shutter

300
Q

temporary sterility to a woman may result from what dose to the gonads?

A

30 rads

301
Q

in an image intensifier, this converts light photons to photoelectrons

A

photocathode

302
Q

normal viewing distance for binocular vision

A

16-24 in

303
Q

pixels are given values for a certain color or gray level; the # of bits used to encode these pixel values is known as

A

bit depth

304
Q

term referring to the random probability of an effect occurring

A

stochastic effect

305
Q

limiting exposure to no more than 0.05 Sv/yr (50 mSv/yr) will have what effect on stochastic effects of radiation?

A

limit them

306
Q

reading of a personnel radiation device is considered a

A

whole-body dose

307
Q

what height above the tabletop for an unexposed border on the fluoroscopic screen be visible when automatic collimating devices are used?

A

ALL heights

308
Q

what height above the tabletop for an unexposed border on the fluoroscopic screen be visible when manual collimation is used and the collimator is FULLY open?

A

14 in

309
Q

are on a fluoroscopic control panel

A
  • mA indicator
  • kVp indicator
310
Q

genetically significant dose is determined by what factors

A
  • # of future children
  • x-ray examination rate
  • average gonadal dose per examination
311
Q

affects the amount of scattered radiation during an x-ray exam

A
  • patient entrance skin exposure (ESE)
  • exposure time
  • kVp
312
Q

knowledge of long-term biologic effects of chronic low-dose exposure to radiation has been accumulated since

A

WW2

313
Q

ratio of brightness between two areas

A

image contrast (aka, intensifier contrast)

314
Q

protective curtain thickness (in lead equivalent) must be

A

0.25 mm

315
Q

advantages of 3-phase generators

A
  • near constant potential
  • relatively high mA available
  • higher effective kVp
316
Q
A
317
Q

component that controls the radiation exposure incident at the input phosphor in cine film imaging

A

aperture

318
Q

component that changes the magnification mode by changing the FOV

A

electrostatic lens

319
Q

high level (boost) fluoroscopy characteristics

A
  • significantly higher tube currents
  • a special key and interlock is required with an additional person
  • increase in entrance dose rate to the patient
  • audible signal must be heard
320
Q

T/F: secondary radiation (scattered or leakage) has lower energy than the primary beam

A

true

321
Q

3 basic types of gonad shields

A
  • flat contact shield
  • shaped contact shield
  • shadow shield
322
Q
  • 0.25 mm Pb equivalent at 50 kVp
  • 0.25 mm Pb equivalent at 75 kVp
  • 0.25 mm Pb equivalent at 100 kVp

primary fluoroscopic beam attenuation factors

A
  • 99.4
  • 96.1
  • 91.4
323
Q
  • 0.5 mm Pb equivalent at 50 kVp
  • 0.5 mm Pb equivalent at 75 kVp
  • 0.5 mm Pb equivalent at 100 kVp

primary fluoroscopic beam attenuation factors

A
  • 99.9+
  • 99.2
  • 97.3
324
Q

examples of information and data management systems that are crucial for the use of radiology in everyday practice

A
  • radiology information systems (RIS)
  • hospital information systems (HIS)
  • picture archiving and communication system (PACS)
325
Q

pocket ionization chambers record radiation exposure by

A

discharging a capacitor

326
Q

radiation has the potential to do what to cells?

A
  • pass through w/o any damage
  • damage
  • kill
327
Q

exposure dose if 500 ergs of x-rays are absorbed by 5 grams of tissue

A

1 rad

1 gram rad = 100 ergs

328
Q

when reproductive cells are irradiated there may be changes in

A
  • genes
  • chromosomes
329
Q

lead equivalent thickness of protective glasses to reduce eye radiation exposure by 85-90%

A

0.25 mm

330
Q

scattered radiation during an x-ray exam is affected by

A
  • patient entrance skin exposure (ESE)
  • exposure time
  • kVp
331
Q

best protective eyewear for the operator to utilize during fluoroscopy

A

wraparound lead glass eyeglasses

332
Q

type of contrast reduced by increasing the kVp

A

subject contrast

333
Q

f-number of the ____ denotes the speed of a camera

A

lens

334
Q

refers to the production of scattered radiation

A

Compton effect

335
Q

which body area has the largest distribution of fluoroscopic examinations?

A

GI tract

336
Q

type of body habitus that refers to a patient who’s stomach is high, in the middle of the abdomen, and positioned transverse

A

hypersthenic

337
Q

increasing the filtration in an x-ray system will

A
  • remove useless low-energy x-rays
  • decrease the intensity of the x-ray beam
338
Q

ALARA is the principle of keeping all radiation doses to what groups as low as possible?

A
  • public
  • patients
  • operators
339
Q

components of the Universal Protocol

A
  • verify correct patient
  • verify correct procedure
  • verify correct site
340
Q

purpose of image intensified fluoroscopy

A
  • dynamic viewing (angiography)
  • real time viewing (live fluoroscopy)
  • transient image viewing
341
Q

materials suitable for use as a tabletop material in an X-ray or fluoroscopic system

A
  • carbon fiber
  • aluminum
  • Bakelite (plastic)
342
Q

calculate the total brightness gain for an image intensifier with the following specifications:
- input phosphor diameter: 9 inches
- output phosphor diameter: 1 inch
- flux gain: 50

A

4050

(9² ÷ 1²) x 50
brightness gain x flux gain

343
Q

somatic effects damage

A

individual

344
Q

personnel monitoring device that indicates radiation exposure by giving off a sound

A

audible warning device

345
Q

components of a detector element (DEL) in a flat-panel detector typically include

A
  • scintillation layer
  • cesium iodide or gadolinium oxysulfide
  • photodiode
  • thin-film transistor (TFT)
  • capacitor
346
Q

most amount of scattered radiation occurs at these angles

A

120 and 135 degrees

347
Q

highest intensity of scattered radiation occurs at this angle

A

30 degrees

348
Q

most common cause of anaphylactic shock seen in radiology

A

iodine

technically should be iodinated-contrast media, and NOT iodine itself (which is NON-allergenic), but that’s how it’s worded in the exam

349
Q

size of output phosphor on most modern image intensifiers

A

1 in

350
Q
A

ARRT Fluoroscopy Certification (2 decks)

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