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POLS 1500 > questions > Flashcards

questions Flashcards

1
Q

Define Public International Law.

A

Body of law governing relationships between nations, covering areas like law of the sea, trade law, and more.

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2
Q

What does Private International Law govern?

A

Relationships between citizens of different countries, including business contracts, adoptions, marriages, and more.

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3
Q

Why do we need International Law according to the notes?

A

To address international (dis)order, promote cooperation, create shared expectations, and reduce knowledge gaps.

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4
Q

What are the types of institutions created by states to facilitate coordination and cooperation?

A

Constitutional institutions, fundamental institutions, and issue-specific institutions (regimes).

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5
Q

What role does International Law play in world politics?

A

It is one of the most crucial fundamental institutions for understanding cooperation and order among states.

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6
Q

What are the historical roots of International Law largely informed by?

A

Political liberalism and transformative revolutions in thought and practice.

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7
Q

What was the concept of law before the French Revolution?

A

Law was mainly seen as the command of a legitimate superior, derived from God or nature.

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8
Q

What is Natural Law?

A

A legal theory asserting universal laws binding all humans, irrespective of context or explicit consent.

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9
Q

What era is known as the ‘Positivist Era’ in International Law?

A

The modern period, characterized by viewing law as a contract among legal subjects.

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10
Q

What is ‘Voluntary Law’ according to the notes?

A

Man-made rules to which political leaders have consented through agreements or state practice.

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11
Q

What events led to the emphasis on ‘universal’ values post-WWII?

A

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Genocide Convention of 1948.

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12
Q

What is ‘Communitarian Law’ according to the course notes?

A

Rules collectively made by the international community, prioritizing community interests over individual states.

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13
Q

Who were the principal subjects historically in International Law?

A

States, focusing on regulating inter-state relations and questions of (dis)order.

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14
Q

What are the key sources of International Law mentioned in the notes?

A

Treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law.

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15
Q

What is the International Court of Justice (ICJ) according to the notes?

A

The main judicial organ of the UN, resolving disputes between countries, not a criminal court.

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16
Q

Is participation in the International Court of Justice voluntary?

A

Yes, participation by states is voluntary, but once agreed, compliance with the Court’s decision is mandatory.

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17
Q

What principle was decolonization founded on?

A

Decolonization was founded on the principle of national self-determination.

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18
Q

What were some consequences of decolonization and wars of independence during the Cold War?

A

Decolonization and wars of independence led to proxy wars and entanglement in Cold War dynamics.

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19
Q

Identify distinct phases in US-Soviet relations during the Cold War.

A

Distinct phases include containment, détente, and rapprochement.

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20
Q

What were important factors in the Cold War besides nuclear weapons?

A

Security alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact played crucial roles.

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21
Q

What prompted the end of the Cold War?

A

The costly Soviet-Afghanistan war and domestic reforms by President Gorbachev.

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22
Q

What marked the shift from bipolarity to a unipolar world?

A

The end of the Cold War led to a unipolar world, led by the United States.

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23
Q

Why is the 1990s considered a unipolar moment?

A

There was no longer a rival to American power, making the world unipolar.

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24
Q

What did U.S. President Bill Clinton advocate for in terms of NATO during the 1990s?

A

Clinton pushed for NATO expansion into former Warsaw Pact countries.

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25
Q

Describe the Yugoslav Wars that occurred in the 1990s.

A

Yugoslav Wars were a series of conflicts resulting from the breakup of Yugoslavia.

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26
Q

What agreement ended the first phase of the Yugoslav Civil War?

A

The 1995 Dayton Agreement brought an end to the first phase of the Civil War.

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27
Q

What are two ways in which IOs shape state responses to international problems?

A

Moral authority and technical expertise.

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28
Q

How do IOs affect individuals globally?

A

They shape power distribution and make policies once left to states.

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29
Q

What is a crucial goal of the United Nations according to its charter preamble?

A

To unite nations for peace, social progress, and human rights.

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30
Q

How many original member states were part of the United Nations when it was established?

A

There were 51 original members of the UN.

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31
Q

Which major countries are the permanent members with veto power in the UN Security Council?

A

US, UK, France, Russia, and China (P5).

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32
Q

How many non-permanent members does the UN Security Council have?

A

It has 10 non-permanent members with two-year terms.

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33
Q

What is the threshold for passing UNSC decisions?

A

A majority of nine out of the total 15 members.

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34
Q

What actions can the UNSC take under Chapter VII if peaceful settlement measures fail?

A

Measures can range from economic sanctions to the authorization of force.

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35
Q

How is decision-making structured in the UN General Assembly?

A

Each member state has one vote; a two-thirds majority is required for key decisions.

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36
Q

Which individual currently leads the United Nations as Secretary-General?

A

António Guterres is the current Secretary-General.

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37
Q

What is the main function of the Economic and Social Council within the UN?

A

ECOSOC coordinates economic and social work and links with civil society.

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38
Q

What are the principal causes of the current crisis of globalization?

A

Declining Western hegemony and restructuring of Western capitalism post-2008 GFC.

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39
Q

How does economic inequality contribute to the crisis of globalization?

A

Globalization leads to uneven wealth distribution, leaving some behind.

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40
Q

What impact do trade tensions have on globalization?

A

They disrupt global supply chains and hinder international trade.

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41
Q

Explain the role of rising protectionism in the crisis of globalization.

A

Countries adopt protective measures like tariffs to shield domestic industries.

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42
Q

How does technological disruption exacerbate fears about globalization?

A

Advancements like automation displace jobs, increasing economic insecurity.

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43
Q

What historical event is associated with the emergence of the modern international order?

A

The 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

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44
Q

Define international order in the context of political units.

A

Regularized practices of exchange among discrete political units recognizing independence.

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45
Q

When did the modern international order first emerge?

A

Historically tied to events like the French Revolution and British control.

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46
Q

Name three causes of global transformation leading to the Great Divergence.

A

Industrialization, rational states, and imperialism.

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47
Q

Explain the significance of the principle of sovereignty in the modern nation-state.

A

It denotes political authority claim over a specific geographic territory.

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48
Q

What is the main judicial organ of the UN?

A

International Court of Justice.

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49
Q

How many judges are elected to the International Court of Justice?

A

15 judges elected jointly by the UNGA and the UNSC.

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50
Q

What type of disputes does the International Court of Justice decide?

A

Disputes between countries – not a criminal court.

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51
Q

Is participation by states in the International Court of Justice voluntary?

A

Yes, participation by states is voluntary.

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52
Q

What is the purpose of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

A

Provide a vision for the world in 2030 with broad goals and measurable targets.

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53
Q

What did the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) replace?

A

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

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54
Q

What did the reform of economic and social institutions of the UN in the late 1990s aim at?

A

Improving coordination and clarifying spheres of responsibility.

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55
Q

What is the key role of the General Assembly in the UN?

A

Decision-making.

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56
Q

What led to attention to social and economic issues at the UN?

A

The Cold War and decolonization process.

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57
Q

What does Peacekeeping involve according to classical peacekeeping principles?

A

Peacekeepers only use weapons in self-defense, maintain neutrality, and have the host state’s consent.

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58
Q

What post-9/11 chain of events led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security?

A

9/11 set off a chain of events leading to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.

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59
Q

Which wars were a part of President George W. Bush’s declared Global War on Terror?

A

US-led invasion of Afghanistan (2001-21) and Iraq War (2003-11).

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60
Q

How did some scholars view 9/11 in terms of the ‘Unipolar Moment’?

A

Some scholars argue that 9/11 marked the end of the ‘Unipolar Moment’.

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61
Q

What did the end of the Cold War signify for US foreign policy in the early 1990s?

A

US foreign policy after the Cold War focused on economic issues, except for NATO expansion.

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62
Q

Which actions by Western liberal democratic governments have been criticized as ‘liberal hypocrisy’?

A

Actions like Bush’s pre-emptive war, US-led invasion of Afghanistan, and Iraq War.

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63
Q

What was the cause of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-08?

A

Caused by predatory lending, excessive risk-taking, and bursting of the US housing bubble.

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64
Q

Describe the Occupy Wall Street Protests in 2011.

A

Protest against economic inequality, greed, and corporate influence, advocating for the 99%.

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65
Q

What was the main focus of the Occupy movement?

A

The Occupy movement highlighted income and wealth inequality in the US.

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66
Q

When did the ‘Arab Spring’ begin?

A

The ‘Arab Spring’ started in Tunisia in December 2010.

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67
Q

What was the outcome of the ‘Arab Spring’ protests?

A

The protests led to the toppling of governments in various countries and posed challenges to others.

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68
Q

What does political cooperation entail in a regional context?

A

Alignment regarding implementation of certain values and practices.

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69
Q

What is the purpose of security cooperation in regional settings?

A

Establish security communities or norms of non-interference.

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70
Q

Define regional integration as explained in the course notes.

A

Creation of a regional space subject to common rules.

71
Q

What potential impact could greater regional integration have on North America, according to the text?

A

Enhanced economic cooperation and security or concerns about loss of sovereignty.

72
Q

What are some reasons provided in the notes for the concept of regionalism?

A

Management of independence, interdependence, internationalization, and distribution of power.

73
Q

How can regionalism both strengthen and weaken the state, as per the notes?

A

Strengthens through cooperation and pooling resources, weakens by hindering sovereignty.

74
Q

What levels of regionalism have characterized the Americas, according to the notes?

A

Multiple levels with tension between Inter-Americanism and Latin American integration.

75
Q

How has regionalism in Africa historically emerged, based on the course materials?

A

Emerged from anti-colonialism and emboldened vision of pan-Africanism.

76
Q

What has shaped Asian regionalism, according to the notes?

A

Security concerns, market forces, and rivalries between Asian powers.

77
Q

What are the implications of greater regionalism for international order, as mentioned in the text?

A

Impacts power dynamics, global governance, and can create regional blocs.

78
Q

What were the initial aims of the European Coal and Steel Community?

A

Supranational management of coal and steel production.

79
Q

Which countries were part of the ‘original Six’ member states of the EU?

A

Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany.

80
Q

What are some common policies within the European Union?

A

Trade, competition, agriculture, transport.

81
Q

When was the Maastricht Treaty signed?

A

Post 1992.

82
Q

What challenges has the EU faced since 2009?

A

Eurozone crisis, refugee crisis, Brexit, security issues around Ukraine.

83
Q

What are some critiques of regionalism and the EU?

A

Trade diversion, regulatory structure issues, weak efficiency.

84
Q

What are the dimensions of regionalism as mentioned?

A

Economic, social, political, security.

85
Q

According to the Lawfare Podcast notes, who emerged as the most powerful nation post Cold War?

A

USA.

86
Q

What does the concept of ‘polarity’ refer to?

A

Distribution of resources among states.

87
Q

Why is the support of allies important for the USA?

A

To exert power effectively.

88
Q

What is essential for maintaining the global economy according to the Lawfare Podcast notes?

A

Hegemonic leadership.

89
Q

What is highlighted as necessary to navigate shifting power dynamics?

A

Long-term planning.

90
Q

What can the ICJ order based on the finding of a breach of IL by a state?

A

The ICJ can order cessation, prevention, and reparations (restitution, compensation, satisfaction).

91
Q

What can the UN General Assembly ask the ICJ to issue on complex legal matters?

A

The UN General Assembly can ask the ICJ to issue an advisory opinion.

92
Q

What do laws of war in IL govern?

A

Laws of war govern when war is legally permitted.

93
Q

What are the two main categories of laws under jus in bello?

A

Jus in bello governs the legal justifications for waging war and the conduct of war.

94
Q

What are the three categories into which International Humanitarian Law can be divided?

A
  1. Laws governing weaponry. 2. Laws governing combatants. 3. Laws governing non-combatants.
95
Q

What are the four guiding principles for the categories of IHL?

A
  1. Distinction 2. Humanity 3. Military necessity 4. Proportionality
96
Q

What do the 1949 Geneva Conventions and additional protocols outline in IHL?

A
  1. Immunity for wounded soldiers. 2. Impartial treatment of combatants. 3. Protection of civilians. 4. Recognition of the Red Cross symbol.
97
Q

What are the three levels of institutions that exist in international law?

A
  1. Constitutional. 2. Fundamental. 3. Issue-specific.
98
Q

What entities are considered as subjects and objects of international law?

A

States, International organizations (IOs), Peoples and individuals, NGOs (advocacy groups, TNCs, NSAGs).

99
Q

What do Multilateralism and formal IOs refer to?

A

Multilateralism refers to coordination, while formal IOs are created for cooperation across states.

100
Q

Why are International Organizations important?

A

They tend to endure in the international system.

101
Q

What event marked the Refugee Crisis of 2015?

A

1.3 million people fleeing to Europe and claiming asylum.

102
Q

Explain the rise of populism.

A

It promotes the general will of the people over ruling elites, challenging liberal order.

103
Q

How did the Global Financial Crisis contribute to the rise of populism?

A

It was a major shock to the international system, leading to populist movements.

104
Q

What impact did the Arab Spring and Syrian crisis have on Western power?

A

Resulted in backlash to Western power and the liberal world order.

105
Q

Define International Political Economy (IPE).

A

It studies the intertwined nature of politics and economies in world politics.

106
Q

What are the central questions in IPE?

A

Revolve around the concept of power.

107
Q

How is IPE different from conventional accounts?

A

It includes broader perspectives like constructivist, feminist, and postcolonial critiques.

108
Q

What factors do IPE approaches focus on?

A

Material capabilities, institutions, and ideas, interpreting their relationships differently.

109
Q

In what way is globalization not new?

A

It is a process that has proceeded through many phases since the 16th century.

110
Q

Why was the making of the Atlantic world crucial?

A

It was crucial to the emergence of the West as a dominant power.

111
Q

What does ‘world politics’ refer to?

A

Structures, actors, and processes shaping political relations above nation-states.

112
Q

List some actors and dynamics in world politics.

A

Corporations, terrorist groups, NGOs, non-state armed groups (rebel groups).

113
Q

Define globalization.

A

Globalization describes increased global interconnectedness due to trade and technology.

114
Q

What are some common metaphors associated with globalization?

A

Shrinking World, Networked World, Global Village.

115
Q

Explain the positive aspects of globalization.

A

Economic growth, access to goods/services, cultural exchange/diversity.

116
Q

Discuss the negative aspects of globalization.

A

Economic inequality, loss of cultural identity, environmental degradation.

117
Q

How do perspectives influence the perception of globalization?

A

Perception of globalization as positive or negative depends on one’s perspective.

118
Q

What are the effects of global connectivity on nations and communities?

A

Highly complex interdependencies, profound systemic risks.

119
Q

How did economic globalization change post the 2008 GFC?

A

Global economic flows recovered post-2008 GFC, reaching historic levels.

120
Q

What impact did the 2008 GFC and COVID-19 pandemic have on globalization?

A

Both crises led to a dramatic impact on global economic flows and connectivity.

121
Q

What characterizes contemporary globalization?

A

Revolution in transport, transnational governance, shifts in migration patterns.

122
Q

How does globalization impact states?

A

States still matter but must cooperate more due to global interconnectivity.

123
Q

What are the key aspects of globalization’s process?

A

Stretching activities across borders, intensified interconnectedness, rapid flow of ideas and people.

124
Q

Who are the agents of globalization?

A

Nation-states, MNCs, IO’s, NGOs, individuals.

125
Q

What are the engines of globalization?

A

Technological change, economics (markets and capitalism), politics (power and institutions).

126
Q

How do materialists view globalization?

A

As a substantive process of increasing global connectivity.

127
Q

How do constructivists view globalization?

A

As a social construct rooted in discourse.

128
Q

Describe Amitav Acharya’s concept of multiplex order.

A

Decentred, diverse, complex, pluralistic.

129
Q

What shifts does globalization bring to world politics?

A

From international to global politics, from the liberal to post-western world order, and from inter-governmental to global governance.

130
Q

What are some challenges to globalization mentioned in the notes?

A

Global populist revolt, great power rivalry, growing securitization of global connectivity.

131
Q

Explain populism based on the notes.

A

A political approach where leaders claim to represent the common people against the elite.

132
Q

Will current trends bring an end to globalization and the liberal world order?

A

Unlikely, but trends may lead to shifts in power, influence, and international relations dynamics.

133
Q

Who directed the documentary ‘How to Survive a Plague’?

A

David France

134
Q

What activist groups are highlighted in the documentary?

A

ACT UP and TAG

135
Q

What is emphasized as crucial in managing global affairs effectively?

A

Aligning with the interests of other nations

136
Q

What epidemic is chronicled in the documentary?

A

AIDS epidemic in the United States

137
Q

What key messages are conveyed in ‘How to Survive a Plague’?

A

Power of grassroots activism, advocacy importance, need for healthcare access

138
Q

What was the main goal of activist groups like ACT UP in the documentary?

A

Pushing for faster development of HIV/AIDS treatments

139
Q

What impact does the documentary ‘How to Survive a Plague’ showcase?

A

Resilience of human spirit and impact of collective action

140
Q

What is highlighted as the ongoing need in the fight against HIV/AIDS?

A

Medical research, treatments, and support services

141
Q

What event triggered World War I?

A

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

142
Q

What significant document outlined new principles for an international order after WWI?

A

The Treaty of Versailles.

143
Q

Which agreement renounced war as a tool of foreign policy?

A

Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928.

144
Q

Which organization was created in 1920 to maintain world peace?

A

The League of Nations.

145
Q

What marked the end of the idealism in international relations post WWI?

A

The tremendously violent interwar period.

146
Q

What major type of warfare was prominent in WWI?

A

Trench warfare.

147
Q

Which two dominant forces had a rivalry during the 20th century?

A

United States and Soviet Union.

148
Q

When did the US enter the Second Indochina War?

A

1964

149
Q

What was the purpose of NATO?

A

Collective defense against Soviet expansion

150
Q

What event marked the onset of the Cold War?

A

Failure to implement Yalta agreements and Korean War

151
Q

How did the Cold War get its name?

A

George Orwell in an article published in 1945

152
Q

What does Article V of NATO entail?

A

An attack on one member is an attack on all

153
Q

What does MAD stand for in Cold War context?

A

Mutually Assured Destruction

154
Q

What major event heightened the risk of nuclear conflict in 1962?

A

Cuban Missile Crisis

155
Q

What is the significance of NSC Resolution 1325?

A

It drew attention to the issue of women and armed conflict.

156
Q

What are the four pillars of the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?

A

Prevention, Participation, Protection, Relief and Recovery.

157
Q

Define NGOs.

A

NGOs are non-state actors with varied sizes, motives, and functions.

158
Q

Explain Transnational NGOs (TNGOs).

A

They involve domestic NGOs at the international level and international NGOs in domestic politics.

159
Q

What are Transnational Social Movement Organizations (TSMOs)?

A

Informal coalitions for social change, different from TNGOs.

160
Q

Describe Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs).

A

They amplify weaker voices, enable collaboration, and may clash on ideologies.

161
Q

What is the essence of regionalism?

A

Regionalism encompasses economic, social, political, and security dimensions.

162
Q

Explain regional cooperation vs. integration.

A

Functional cooperation focuses on specific sectors, while economic cooperation involves broader collaboration.

163
Q

What is the relationship between formal institutional arrangements and regional integration?

A

Formal structures may not always indicate the depth of regional integration.

164
Q

What is a key takeaway regarding regionalization efforts globally?

A

There are notable differences in approaches to regionalization worldwide.

165
Q

The origin of state sovereignty, recognizing a claim to political authority over a particular territory, was established by:

A

The 1648 Peace of Westphalia

166
Q

Which one of these developments did NOT play a role in the emergence of modern international order in the 19th century:

A

hereditary succession

167
Q

Which one of these developments did NOT play a role in the emergence of modern international order in the 19th century:

A

Non-aligned movement

168
Q

Soviet President Gorbachev’s reform policy of openness (referring to a greater acceptance of open discussion of political and social issues and commitment to government transparency) was called:

A

Glasnost

169
Q

In which country, was an anarcho-capitalist recently elected President riding a wave of populist sentiment and anti-government rhetoric?

A

Argentina

170
Q

Before a conception of law as a reciprocal accord emerged, the kings and queens who ruled Europe before the nineteenth century thought humanity was subject to:

A

Jus in bello

171
Q

Which key section of the UN Charter deals with ‘Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression’?

A

Chapter VII

172
Q

Which of the following countries is NOT one of the “Four Asian Tigers” (a term referring to the rapid growth of their economies in the 1990s)?

A

China

173
Q

In the UN General Assembly:

-Decisions must be passed by a two-thirds majority

-All member states of the UN are represented

-All of the above

-Each member state has one vote

A

All of the above

POLS 1500 (1 decks)

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