Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory System > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration is referred to as 2 processes…

A

internal and external respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are the cardiovascular and skeletomuscular systems both critical to the physiology of external respiration?

A
  • by itself, the respiratory system is a series of air-filled tubes and spaces
  • the thoracic and abdominal muscles (and thoracic cage) produce movements for ventilation
  • the pulmonary circuit brings blood to the lungs for oxygenation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system and explain their purpose. (there is 3)

A
  1. Protective Barrier:
    -> Keeps foreign substances (microbes, viruses or pollutants) in the air from entering the body
  2. Sensory:
    -> Neurons in the nasal cavities detect volatile ‘odorants’ aka smells
  3. Communication:
    -> Airflow is manipulated to allow for the production of speech and other sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The respiratory system has an upper and lower track what are their functions?

A

Upper Tract Functions:
- air conditioning (and conduction)
- olfaction
- Sound articulation

Lower Tract Functions:
- air conduction
- phonation
- (external) preparation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The lower respiratory tract is divided into conducting and respiratory portions. Identify what is in each portion.

A

Conducting Portion:
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi (3 types)
-> 2 primary bronchi
-> 5 lobar bronchi
-> 19 segmental bronchi
- Bronchioles (3 types)
-> 10s of 1000s of terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Portion:
- pulmonary lobules (respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

By the terminal bronchioles, what does the respiratory epithelium no longer have? What happens?

A

mucous and ciliated cells

  • mobile macrophages ( type of phagocytic WBC) take over the protective functions performed by mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are respiratory surfaces covered with?

A
  • are covered with an epithelium that is specialized for rapid gas exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does external respiration ONLY occur?

A
  • alveoli
  • the rest of the respiratory tract is simply pathways for air to flow within
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where can gas exchange ONLY occur?

A

where the air is near the capillaries of the pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the respiration challenge and solution?

A

Challenge:
respiration requires fresh air to reach the alveoli regularly… however, the respiratory tract is a passive structure which continues air but cannot propel it and there is only 1 way in and out of the tract

Solution:
the body has evolved a pump that creates pressure gradients to move air for pulmonary ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During quiet breathing what muscles are active?

A

ONLY primary inspiratory muscles are active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is exhalation passive or active?

A

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During quiet breathing what happens to the exhalation phases?

A

the exhalation phase simply involves the relaxation of inspiratory muscles and the elastic recoil of the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens during active (or forced) breathing?

A

accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles are recruited to amplify movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are skeletal muscles involved in respiration?

A
  • the respiration movement depends on skeletal muscles, and this one somatic motor neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are the motor neurons’ innervation and other inspiratory and expiratory muscles found?

A

are found in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the respiratory cycle depend on?

A

on neural activity generated within the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The rate and pattern of breathing movements are generated by?

A

activity in respiratory centres in the medulla

19
Q

no medullary respiratory center activity = NO

A

NO BREATHING (DEAD)

20
Q

What drives the breathing muscles?

A

respiratory center neurons make synapses on the spinal motor neurons that drive breathing muscles

21
Q

What activates Metabolic respiratory reflexes?

A

are activated by chemoreceptors in elastic arteries and the medulla

22
Q

In addition to affecting brainstem cardiovascular centres chemoreceptors also…and why?

A

stimulate medullary respiratory centres to increase respiratory relate and volume

23
Q

When does recruiting accessory breathing muscle increase?

A

it increases the energy demands of respiratory movements, so these are usually only used when oxygen demand is high

24
Q

How much effort does it take to inflate a lung?
- Resistance
-> how to detect
-> how does it affect the lungs

A

Resistance:
-> The person is unable to fully fill their lungs
-> Even at rest, the person has to do more work to achieve the same volume of air-inspired
-> detected in spirometry by reduced FVC (or TLC)
-> detect by examining a patient’s detect by examining a patient’s (forced) viral capacity (FVC)
-> is characterized by lower capacity for air across most measures of lung function
-> is the measurement of how much force is needed to make air flow through conducting pathways
-> The diameter of airway passages is a major determinant of the overall resistance (and bronchioles are the biggest contributors)

Volume Flowrate (mL/s) = F = (P1-P2)/R

Resistance to flow: R = (8nL)/pir^4

25
Q

How much effort does it take to inflate a lung?
- Compliance

A

Compliance:
-> is a measurement of how much work it takes to expand/inflate the lungs at a given pressure
-> More force required for lung inflation = LOWER compliance
-> Compliance can relate to properties of lung tissue or to properties of the skeletomuscular elements (ex: joint) involved in producing the lung movements

26
Q

Obstructive Lung disease
- 2 examples and explain both
- how to detect?

A
  • are diseases of increased resistance caused by changes to conducting pathways
  • the conducting pathways to the lung tissue are obstructed, which reduces the flow rate
  • a patient must of more work to get air to and from the lungs in the asset
  • detected by spirometry
  1. Asthma
    - caused by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
  2. Chronic bronchitis/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    - caused by inflammation leading to overproduction of mucus that clogs airways
27
Q

Reduction in gas exchange surfaces =

  • what else happens?
  • why does the respiration rate increase?
A

an increase in respiration rate and increased dead space in the lungs

  • co2 cannot be removed bc/ used air is trapped in the lungs due to the lack of elastic recoil
  • to maintain blood PO2 and reduce PCO2 through chemoreceptor reflexes
28
Q

The amount of dissolved gas in a solution is proportional or reversely proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in the air?

A

proportional

29
Q

When does blood gas composition reach equilibrium and what happens?

A
  • at resting state
  • the blood-air barrier and systemic capillary walls is favourable for rapid diffusion
  • by the time the blood reaches the venues, blood PO2 and PCO2 have each been able to equilibrate with surrounding tissue (alveolar or peripheral tissue)

Note: if the pressure gradient changes (ex: during exercise) or the anatomy is affected by pathology (ex: lower respiratory infection), this may no longer be the case

30
Q

What can respiratory reflexes increase and aim?

A
  • they can increase the rate of gas exchange at the alveoli
    -> by refreshing the pressure gradient
    -> by increasing the functional alveolar surface area
  • aim to enhance differences occurring at the alveoli
  • will increase the exchange of air between the outside and the alveoli, refreshing the partial pressure gradient
31
Q

When is the rate of diffusion is the greatest?

A

when the difference in partial pressure is greatest

32
Q

What happens when you increase the tidal volume?

A
  • will further inflate the alveoli
  • increasing surface area for diffusion (and potentially slightly decreasing barrier thickness)
33
Q

Gas must be transported via…?

A

blood to reach the tissues

34
Q

When is O2 and CO2 not THAT soluble?

A

under physiological pressure

35
Q

What carries oxygen around?

A
  • haemoglobin (O2 bound to haemoglobin packed into RBCs)
  • blood leaving pulmonary capillaries carries about 20mL of o2 per 100mL of whole blood
  • less than 2% is dissolved in the plasma
36
Q

What do haemoglobin contain

A
  • 4 protein subunits
  • 4 haem molecules
  • 2 iron ions that each bind to O2
37
Q

What happens when tissues are aerobically active (decrease PO2)?

A
  • hemoglobin automatically offloads more O2
  • during exercise, skeletal muscle metabolic rate increases substantially and O2 is used for aerobic ATP generation, dropping PO2 to 15-20 mmHg
  • this change in the pressure gradient promotes extra offloading of oxygen by haemoglobin, meaning substantial extra oxygen can be delivered even without an increase in blood flow
38
Q

What happens when tissue becomes acidic (decrease pH)?

A
  • haemoglobin saturation curves shifts, favouring O2 offload to active tissues even at higher PO2
  • during intense exercise, skeletal muscle creates extra CO2 and many create metabolic acids if metabolism becomes anaerobic
  • this relationship is known as the Bohr Effect
39
Q

What happens when tissue increases in temp?

A
  • haemoglobin saturation curves shift, favouring o2 offload
  • a byproduct of ATP production (especially mitochondrial respiration ) is increase heat
  • higher temp. favours O2 offload, thus enhancing O2 delivery to active tissues
40
Q

What manages CO2 transport?

A
  • inside RBCs, CO2 can be bound to haemoglobin, or converted to carbonic acid
  • about 7% of the CO2 produced by peripheral tissues is dissolved in plasma
  • the rest is taken u by RBCs and processed for other transport mechanism
41
Q

What happens to the rest of the CO2 that doesn’t bind to haemoglobin, or is converted to carbonic acid?

A

converted to H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme which has high levels in RBCs (this reaction is also freely reversible)

42
Q

How are H+ ions formed?

A
  • by carbonic acid, dissociation can also be transported bound to haemoglobin
  • H2CO3 is a weak acid (partially) dissociated in solution, creating HCO3- and H+ ions
  • haemoglobin can bind the H+ ions, buffering the solution against changes in pH and favouring O2 offload (and this uptake) by haemoglobin
43
Q

How does CO2 transport in 3 ways?

A
  • in the bloodstream and removed from blood at the alveoli
  • all 3 methods are easily reveres at the alveoli with a partial pressure gradient that favours CO2 movements into air
  1. Dissolved in solution
  2. Bound to haemoglobin
  3. Converted to carbonic acid and bicarbonate/ H+

Respiratory System (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions