Questions Flashcards
What type of muscle is the heart?
Involuntary muscle
What is the difference between left and right heart failure ?
Left HF: lose ability to relax
Right HF: excessive fluids, unable to pump
What is the formula for the heart
Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
What are the 4 parts of the circulatory system ?
Heart, veins, arteries, capillaries
How much lung capacity can an adult hold
6 litres
What is osteomyelitis
Bone infection ( when infections from other parts of the body spread to the bones through blood)
Where does red blood cells (RBC) created
In the bone marrow
What is Hematuria
Blood in the urine
How does congestive heart failure occur?
When the heart isn’t pumping enough blood and oxygen around the body
What are the two common types of UTI’s
Cystitis (infection of the bladder) and Pyelonephritis (infection of the kidneys)
What are the common cause of kidney disease?
Diabetes
What percentage of your kidney function is gone when you have renal failure ?
85-90%
What is AF and what is it ?
Atrial fibrillation and it is abnormal heart rhythms ( when heart muscles cannot react properly; tachycardia)
What is the pharmakinetics of Aspirin
Resolves in the upper GI tract
What family of medication is used to treat myocardial infarction ?
Beta blockers, anti-coagulants, anti-platelets
What is myocardial necrosis ?
Death of the heart muscle cells due to a lack of oxygen blood flow to the heart ( happens during heart attack cause of blockage)
What is hypoxia
Lack of oxygen to a certain part of the body
What is anoxia
Absence of the oxygen to certain part of the body
What is myocardial infarction
Heart attack
What is angina
Chest pain ( reduced blood flow to the heart due to build up of plaque in the coronary arteries )
What is the conduction system of the heart
SA node, AV node, left atrium, bundle of his, purkinje fibers
What are the 4 functions of muscle?
Movement, mobility, heat (warmth), storage of nutrients
What is avulsion wound ?
Opened wound or tearing wound from the tissue beneath
What are the breathing patterns for hyperglycaemia
Kussmaul breathing ( deep rapid breathing)
What are the acute respiratory conditions in the lower respiratory tract?
Pneumonia, whooping cough, and asthma
Name 3 things to diagnose an ALC (altered level of consciousness)
Pupil dilation, CT scan, MRI
What is the initial symptoms of multiple sclerosis ( nervous system disease)
Tingly sensation, numbness, tremors
What is the cause of symptoms in Parkinson’s
Bradykinesia (slowness of movement )
What is rheumatic fever
Strep throat/ inflammation that makes heart, brain, joint, skin swells
What happens to the brain cells in the TIA ( transient ischaemic attack)
Cells become injured but do not die
What is common medication to treat septic shock
Ceftriaxone ( antibiotic for bacterial infection)
What are the symptoms of cerebral infections
Confusion, headache
What is one common type of cerebral infection
Meningitis
What are the 5 lobes of the brain
- Parietal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Cerebellum
What are the 2 dangers of hypoglycemia in children
Seizures and serious brain injury
What conditions can cause of altered neuro function
Meningitis, aneurysm, tumors
3 types of neurons in the brain
Sensory neurons (afferent), motor neurons (efferent), intraneurons (signals between afferent and efferent)
Which brain lobe controls speech
Frontal lobe
3 types rapid acting insulin
Novolog, aprida, humalog
Which gland is in both the endocrine and nervous system
Hypothalamus
What is cortisol
Primary stress hormone (by adrenal glands), regulare stress response, control body use of fat, metabolism, supressing inflammation
Name 8 pulse points
Radial (wrist)
Carotid artery (neck)
Brachial (inner elbow)
Femoral ( groin)
Temporal
Apical (chest)
Tibial (ankle)
Dorsal (top of feet)
What is asepsis
Without bacteria
What is analgesic
Pain relief drug
What is akinesia
Jerking, tremor movement
What is asystole heart line
Flat line (not beating)
2 types of vomiting
Passive vomiting
Active vomiting
What is amiodarone medication
Anti-arrhythmias
What causes acute vomiting
Food poisoning
motion sickness
alcohol
gastrointestinal obstruction
Appendicitis
Pancreatitis
Meningitis
What is ABI
Acquired brain injury ( brain damage occurs after birth)
What is it called when your body is harmed by lack of oxygen
Hypoxic (low oxygen levels) and anoxic (no oxygen)
What is infant lung capacity
250mls
What is a bulging fontanelle
Fluids build up in the brain ( swelling) > increase pressure inside the skull
What is the normal range of pH levels
7.35-7.45
What is Pneumothorax
Collection of air outside of the lung but inside the pleural cavity
What makes gas exchange efficient
Alveoli is one cell thick
Large surface area
Dense capillaries
Common medications for COPD
Salbutamol and Ipratropium bromide (duolin)
What are 3 rapid med routes
Sublingual (under the tongue)
Intralingual (on the tongue)
Per rectum
How is CO2 transported
Transported by attaching to the RBC ( hemoglobin molecules)
What is anisocoria
One pupil is bigger than the other ( cause brain damage)
What is the percentage of oxygen in the Hudson mask
40%
What are the 3 things to diagnose meningitis
White blood counts and blood test, lumbar puncture
What is hematemesis
Vomiting blood
What is hemoptysis
Coughing up blood
What is tonic-clonic seizure
Gra-mal, convulsion seizure (last 5 minutes)
How many layers of walls are there in the heart
3 layers
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
What is the cardiac relaxation phase called
Diastole
What is coagulation
Thrombus ( blood clotting)
What is sepsis
Blood poisoning by bacteria ( extreme response to infection)
What mainly happens during septic shock
Organ’s dysfunction
What is the main goal to treat septic shock
Identify and eliminate the cause of infection
What is absense seizure
Petit mal
What is a simple partial
Focal seizure
What is syncope seizure
Convulsive / jerking seizure
What is ASD
Autism spectrum disorder
What is the percentage if air that reaches the alveoli and is involved in gas exchange
70%
What is Emphysema
Alveoli sac is damaged ( weakened elasticity)
What is pneumonia
Infection in the alveoli ( cause sac to fill up with fluid and pus
What are the common respiratory conditions
Whooping cough, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer
What happens to the diaphragm when we breathe in
Goes down and expands out
What effect does smoking caused
Cell mutations (lead to cancer), increase mucus production
What is oxyhemoglobin
A molecule that forms when oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the RBC
What are the names of upper respiratory systems
Nose
Mouth
Nasal cavity
Pharynx (throat )
Larynx (voice box)
What is Cushing’s disease
Excessive production of the Cortisol hormone (usually caused by tumour at the pituitary gland)
What is Huntington’s disease
Genetic disorder that caused by mutation ( leads to death of brain cells)
List all the organs that are in the Endocrine system
Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
What is a common medication for COPD
Triotropium ( bronchodilator that helps to opens up the airway; relax airway muscles )
What are the 4 types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans (pancrea)
Alpha cell
Beta cell
Delta cell
Epsilon cell
What is TSH and what does it do
Thyroid stimulating hormone, it controls our body metabolism
What is the pharmacodynamics of salbutamol
Binds to beta-2 receptors in the lungs, stimulate relaxation
What is contrecoup
Injury occurs at the side of the brain opposite to the side of the impact ( brain vibrating within the skull)
Define decoticate
Flexion of arm (stiffness and held close to body)
Define Decerebrate
Extension of the arms ( serious neuro issue)
What does PPV stands for
Positive pressure ventilation ( the pressure inside the airway is higher than the pressure outside the body)
What does the Braden scale consist of
Sensory
Perception
Moisture
Activity
Mobility
Friction
Shear
What crlls in the Islet makes glucagon
Alpha
If i have a C4 spinal injury, what is the name
Quadriplegic
What does stridor sounds like
High pitched, wheezing
What is heparin
Anti-coagulant ( for blood clots)
What is the pharmacodynamics of Amoxicillin
An antibiotic that works by interfering with the bacterial cell wall synthesis ( weakens cell well)
What is the difference between signs and symptoms
Signs is what you can see (objective)
Symptoms is what you can feel, behind the scene of the condition ( subjective)
What is opposite hemiplegia
Occurs after stroke, when one side is affected, the opposite side will be paralysed or feel numbness
What is latrogenic
Any conditions, illness or injury caused by medical treatment or medical professional ( doctor prescribed wrong meds which causes seizure)
What is encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain, often due to infection
Identify ISBAR tool
Introduction
Situation
Background
Assessment
Recommendation
What is Osteoarthritis
Deteriorating joint disease (affects cartilage), damages of the protective tissue of the bone
What is Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune inflammatory disorder ( immune system mistakenly attacks body’s tissues)
What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
- Oxytocin: sexual reproduction, childbirth and lactation (milk production )
- Anti diuretic hormone/ vasopressin: regulates BP, regulates water balance in the body by reducing water loss in urine
What term is used when there is excessive secretion of thyroid glands
Hyperthyroidism
What is the endorcrine section of the pancreas called
Islets of Langerhans
What islet cells produces Insulin
Beta cells
What does growth hormone do
Promote lipolysis (breakdown of fats)
Release of glucose into bloodstream ( gluconeogenesis)
What is the heart rate normal range for a child
70-110
What happens when there are build up of acid in the bloodstream
Acidosis
What is Alkalosis
Blood/ tissues becomes too basic, pH greater than 7.5
What is PO2 and what is the normal ranges
Partial pressure of oxygen ( the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood)
Normal range: 75-100
What is PCO2 and the normal ranges
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood)
Normal ranges: 35-45
What HCO3 and the normal range
Bicarbonate 22-28
