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Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What type of muscle is the heart?

A

Involuntary muscle

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2
Q

What is the difference between left and right heart failure ?

A

Left HF: lose ability to relax
Right HF: excessive fluids, unable to pump

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3
Q

What is the formula for the heart

A

Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

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4
Q

What are the 4 parts of the circulatory system ?

A

Heart, veins, arteries, capillaries

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5
Q

How much lung capacity can an adult hold

A

6 litres

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6
Q

What is osteomyelitis

A

Bone infection ( when infections from other parts of the body spread to the bones through blood)

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7
Q

Where does red blood cells (RBC) created

A

In the bone marrow

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8
Q

What is Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

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9
Q

How does congestive heart failure occur?

A

When the heart isn’t pumping enough blood and oxygen around the body

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10
Q

What are the two common types of UTI’s

A

Cystitis (infection of the bladder) and Pyelonephritis (infection of the kidneys)

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11
Q

What are the common cause of kidney disease?

A

Diabetes

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12
Q

What percentage of your kidney function is gone when you have renal failure ?

A

85-90%

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13
Q

What is AF and what is it ?

A

Atrial fibrillation and it is abnormal heart rhythms ( when heart muscles cannot react properly; tachycardia)

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14
Q

What is the pharmakinetics of Aspirin

A

Resolves in the upper GI tract

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15
Q

What family of medication is used to treat myocardial infarction ?

A

Beta blockers, anti-coagulants, anti-platelets

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16
Q

What is myocardial necrosis ?

A

Death of the heart muscle cells due to a lack of oxygen blood flow to the heart ( happens during heart attack cause of blockage)

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17
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Lack of oxygen to a certain part of the body

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18
Q

What is anoxia

A

Absence of the oxygen to certain part of the body

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19
Q

What is myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

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20
Q

What is angina

A

Chest pain ( reduced blood flow to the heart due to build up of plaque in the coronary arteries )

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21
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart

A

SA node, AV node, left atrium, bundle of his, purkinje fibers

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22
Q

What are the 4 functions of muscle?

A

Movement, mobility, heat (warmth), storage of nutrients

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23
Q

What is avulsion wound ?

A

Opened wound or tearing wound from the tissue beneath

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24
Q

What are the breathing patterns for hyperglycaemia

A

Kussmaul breathing ( deep rapid breathing)

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25
Q

What are the acute respiratory conditions in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Pneumonia, whooping cough, and asthma

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26
Q

Name 3 things to diagnose an ALC (altered level of consciousness)

A

Pupil dilation, CT scan, MRI

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27
Q

What is the initial symptoms of multiple sclerosis ( nervous system disease)

A

Tingly sensation, numbness, tremors

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28
Q

What is the cause of symptoms in Parkinson’s

A

Bradykinesia (slowness of movement )

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29
Q

What is rheumatic fever

A

Strep throat/ inflammation that makes heart, brain, joint, skin swells

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30
Q

What happens to the brain cells in the TIA ( transient ischaemic attack)

A

Cells become injured but do not die

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31
Q

What is common medication to treat septic shock

A

Ceftriaxone ( antibiotic for bacterial infection)

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of cerebral infections

A

Confusion, headache

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33
Q

What is one common type of cerebral infection

A

Meningitis

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34
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the brain

A
  1. Parietal lobe
  2. Frontal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
  5. Cerebellum
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35
Q

What are the 2 dangers of hypoglycemia in children

A

Seizures and serious brain injury

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36
Q

What conditions can cause of altered neuro function

A

Meningitis, aneurysm, tumors

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37
Q

3 types of neurons in the brain

A

Sensory neurons (afferent), motor neurons (efferent), intraneurons (signals between afferent and efferent)

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38
Q

Which brain lobe controls speech

A

Frontal lobe

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39
Q

3 types rapid acting insulin

A

Novolog, aprida, humalog

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40
Q

Which gland is in both the endocrine and nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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41
Q

What is cortisol

A

Primary stress hormone (by adrenal glands), regulare stress response, control body use of fat, metabolism, supressing inflammation

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42
Q

Name 8 pulse points

A

Radial (wrist)
Carotid artery (neck)
Brachial (inner elbow)
Femoral ( groin)
Temporal
Apical (chest)
Tibial (ankle)
Dorsal (top of feet)

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43
Q

What is asepsis

A

Without bacteria

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44
Q

What is analgesic

A

Pain relief drug

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45
Q

What is akinesia

A

Jerking, tremor movement

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46
Q

What is asystole heart line

A

Flat line (not beating)

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47
Q

2 types of vomiting

A

Passive vomiting
Active vomiting

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48
Q

What is amiodarone medication

A

Anti-arrhythmias

49
Q

What causes acute vomiting

A

Food poisoning
motion sickness
alcohol
gastrointestinal obstruction
Appendicitis
Pancreatitis
Meningitis

50
Q

What is ABI

A

Acquired brain injury ( brain damage occurs after birth)

51
Q

What is it called when your body is harmed by lack of oxygen

A

Hypoxic (low oxygen levels) and anoxic (no oxygen)

52
Q

What is infant lung capacity

A

250mls

53
Q

What is a bulging fontanelle

A

Fluids build up in the brain ( swelling) > increase pressure inside the skull

54
Q

What is the normal range of pH levels

A

7.35-7.45

55
Q

What is Pneumothorax

A

Collection of air outside of the lung but inside the pleural cavity

56
Q

What makes gas exchange efficient

A

Alveoli is one cell thick
Large surface area
Dense capillaries

57
Q

Common medications for COPD

A

Salbutamol and Ipratropium bromide (duolin)

58
Q

What are 3 rapid med routes

A

Sublingual (under the tongue)
Intralingual (on the tongue)
Per rectum

59
Q

How is CO2 transported

A

Transported by attaching to the RBC ( hemoglobin molecules)

60
Q

What is anisocoria

A

One pupil is bigger than the other ( cause brain damage)

61
Q

What is the percentage of oxygen in the Hudson mask

A

40%

62
Q

What are the 3 things to diagnose meningitis

A

White blood counts and blood test, lumbar puncture

63
Q

What is hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

64
Q

What is hemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood

65
Q

What is tonic-clonic seizure

A

Gra-mal, convulsion seizure (last 5 minutes)

66
Q

How many layers of walls are there in the heart

A

3 layers
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

67
Q

What is the cardiac relaxation phase called

A

Diastole

68
Q

What is coagulation

A

Thrombus ( blood clotting)

69
Q

What is sepsis

A

Blood poisoning by bacteria ( extreme response to infection)

70
Q

What mainly happens during septic shock

A

Organ’s dysfunction

71
Q

What is the main goal to treat septic shock

A

Identify and eliminate the cause of infection

72
Q

What is absense seizure

A

Petit mal

73
Q

What is a simple partial

A

Focal seizure

74
Q

What is syncope seizure

A

Convulsive / jerking seizure

75
Q

What is ASD

A

Autism spectrum disorder

76
Q

What is the percentage if air that reaches the alveoli and is involved in gas exchange

A

70%

77
Q

What is Emphysema

A

Alveoli sac is damaged ( weakened elasticity)

78
Q

What is pneumonia

A

Infection in the alveoli ( cause sac to fill up with fluid and pus

79
Q

What are the common respiratory conditions

A

Whooping cough, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer

80
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when we breathe in

A

Goes down and expands out

81
Q

What effect does smoking caused

A

Cell mutations (lead to cancer), increase mucus production

82
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

A molecule that forms when oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the RBC

83
Q

What are the names of upper respiratory systems

A

Nose
Mouth
Nasal cavity
Pharynx (throat )
Larynx (voice box)

84
Q

What is Cushing’s disease

A

Excessive production of the Cortisol hormone (usually caused by tumour at the pituitary gland)

85
Q

What is Huntington’s disease

A

Genetic disorder that caused by mutation ( leads to death of brain cells)

86
Q

List all the organs that are in the Endocrine system

A

Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

87
Q

What is a common medication for COPD

A

Triotropium ( bronchodilator that helps to opens up the airway; relax airway muscles )

88
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans (pancrea)

A

Alpha cell
Beta cell
Delta cell
Epsilon cell

89
Q

What is TSH and what does it do

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone, it controls our body metabolism

90
Q

What is the pharmacodynamics of salbutamol

A

Binds to beta-2 receptors in the lungs, stimulate relaxation

91
Q

What is contrecoup

A

Injury occurs at the side of the brain opposite to the side of the impact ( brain vibrating within the skull)

92
Q

Define decoticate

A

Flexion of arm (stiffness and held close to body)

93
Q

Define Decerebrate

A

Extension of the arms ( serious neuro issue)

94
Q

What does PPV stands for

A

Positive pressure ventilation ( the pressure inside the airway is higher than the pressure outside the body)

95
Q

What does the Braden scale consist of

A

Sensory
Perception
Moisture
Activity
Mobility
Friction
Shear

96
Q

What crlls in the Islet makes glucagon

A

Alpha

97
Q

If i have a C4 spinal injury, what is the name

A

Quadriplegic

98
Q

What does stridor sounds like

A

High pitched, wheezing

99
Q

What is heparin

A

Anti-coagulant ( for blood clots)

100
Q

What is the pharmacodynamics of Amoxicillin

A

An antibiotic that works by interfering with the bacterial cell wall synthesis ( weakens cell well)

101
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms

A

Signs is what you can see (objective)
Symptoms is what you can feel, behind the scene of the condition ( subjective)

102
Q

What is opposite hemiplegia

A

Occurs after stroke, when one side is affected, the opposite side will be paralysed or feel numbness

103
Q

What is latrogenic

A

Any conditions, illness or injury caused by medical treatment or medical professional ( doctor prescribed wrong meds which causes seizure)

104
Q

What is encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain, often due to infection

105
Q

Identify ISBAR tool

A

Introduction
Situation
Background
Assessment
Recommendation

106
Q

What is Osteoarthritis

A

Deteriorating joint disease (affects cartilage), damages of the protective tissue of the bone

107
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune inflammatory disorder ( immune system mistakenly attacks body’s tissues)

108
Q

What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Oxytocin: sexual reproduction, childbirth and lactation (milk production )
  2. Anti diuretic hormone/ vasopressin: regulates BP, regulates water balance in the body by reducing water loss in urine
109
Q

What term is used when there is excessive secretion of thyroid glands

A

Hyperthyroidism

110
Q

What is the endorcrine section of the pancreas called

A

Islets of Langerhans

111
Q

What islet cells produces Insulin

A

Beta cells

112
Q

What does growth hormone do

A

Promote lipolysis (breakdown of fats)
Release of glucose into bloodstream ( gluconeogenesis)

113
Q

What is the heart rate normal range for a child

A

70-110

114
Q

What happens when there are build up of acid in the bloodstream

A

Acidosis

115
Q

What is Alkalosis

A

Blood/ tissues becomes too basic, pH greater than 7.5

116
Q

What is PO2 and what is the normal ranges

A

Partial pressure of oxygen ( the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood)
Normal range: 75-100

117
Q

What is PCO2 and the normal ranges

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood)
Normal ranges: 35-45

118
Q

What HCO3 and the normal range

A

Bicarbonate 22-28

Acute (1 decks)

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