QUESTIONS Flashcards by Gabriella Santangelo

Sound waves are:
A. Electric
B. Mechanical, transverse
C. Spectral
D. Longitudinal, mechanical

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The speed of US in soft tissue is closest to:
A. 1.540 km/sec
B. 1.54 km/section
C. 1,500 m/s
D. 1,540 mm/sec

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The frequency closest to the lower limit of US is:
A. 19,000 kHz
B. 10,000 MHz
C. 20,000 msec
D. 15,000 Hz

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Which is NOT an acoustic variable?
A. Density
B. Pressure
C. Distance
D. Intensity

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The effects of soft tissue on US are called:
A. Acoustic proliferation properties
B. Dynamic effects
C. Acoustic propagation properties
D. Biological effects

Acoustic propagation properties

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All of the following are true EXCEPT:
A. Two waves with identical frequencies must interfere constructively
B. Constructive interference is associated with waves that are in-phase
C. Out-of-phase waves interfere destructively
D. Waves of different frequencies may exhibit both constructive and destructive interference at difference times

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Put in decreasing order:
A. Deca
B. Deci
C. Micro
D. Centi

Deca, deci, centi, micro

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the time to complete one cycle.
A. Pulse duration
B. Pulse period
C. Period
D. Duration period

Period

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Which of the following sound waves is US and least useful in diagnostic imaging?
A. 30 KHz
B. 8 MHz
C. 8,000 Hz
D. 3,000 kHz
E. 15 Hz

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What is the frequency of a wave with 1 msec period?
A. 10,000 Hz
B. 1,000 kHz
C. 1 kHz
D. 1 MHz

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the distance covered by one cycle.
A. Pulse length
B. Wavelength
C. Cycle distance
D. Cycle duration

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Which of the following is determined by the source and medium?
A. Frequency
B. Period
C. Propagation speed
D. Range resolution

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Propagation speed = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x wavelength
A. Pulse duration
B. Period
C. Number of cycles in pulse
D. Frequency

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As a result of __________ the propagation speed increases.
A. Increasing stiffness & increasing density
B. Increasing stiffness & increasing elasticity
C. Decreasing compressibility & decreasing density
D. Decreasing stiffness & decreasing densit

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Put in decreasing order of propagation speed.
A. Gas
B. Liquid
C. Solid

Solid, liquid, gas

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If the frequency of US is increased from 0.77 MHz to 1.54 MHz, what happens to the wavelength?
A. Doubles
B. Halved
C. Remains the same
D. 4 times greater

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A sound wave's frequency is 10 MHz. The wave is traveling in soft tissue. What is its wavelength?
A. 0.15 mm
B. 1.54 mm
C. 15.4 mm
D. 0.77 mm
E. 10 MHz

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If the frequency of an US wave is doubled, what happens to the period?
A. Doubles
B. Halved
C. Remains the same
D. 4 times greater

B. halved

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If the frequency of US is increased from 0.77 MHz to 1.54 MHz, what happens to the propagation speed?
A. Doubles
B. Halved
C. Remains the same
D. 4 times greater

Remains the same

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The units of pulse repetition frequency are:
A. Per minute
B. Msec
C. Mm/us
D. MHx

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The time from the beginning of a pulse until its end is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
A. Period
B. Pulse duration
C. Pulse length
D. PRF

Pulse duration

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What happens to the speed of sound in a medium when the bulk modules of the medium increases?
A. Faster
B. Slower
C. Unchanged

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ resolution is determined by the spatial pulse length.
A. Radial
B. Image
C. Axial
D. Angular

Radial or axial

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If a wave's amplitude is doubled, what happens to the power?
A. Nothing
B. Halved
C. Doubled
D. Quadrupled

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Power of sound has units of:
A. dB
B. dB/cm
C. Watts
D. Watts/cm2

Watts

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If the intensity of a sound beam remains unchanged while the beam area is reduced in half, what has happened to the power?
A. Quadrupled
B. Doubled
C. Halved
D. Unchanged

C. halved

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Which of these intensities is smallest?
A. SATP
B. SPTP
C. SATA

Sata

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The duty factor for continuous wave US is:
A. 10.0
B. 1%
C. 1.0
D. 0.0%

1.0

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What is the minimum value of the duty factor?
A. 10.0
B. 1%
C. 1.0
D. 0.0%

0.0

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What are the units of intensity?
A. Watts
B. Decibels
C. Watts/cm2

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What happens to the speed of sound in a medium when the bulk modulus of the medium decreases?
A. Faster
B. Slower
C. Unchanged

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The units of attenuation are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; this is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ scale.
A. mm/cm, parametric
B. dB/m, multiplicative
C. None, relative
D. dB, logarithmic

Db, logarithmitic

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Sound intensity is decreased by 75%. How many decibels of attenuation is this?
A. 6 dB
B. 9 dB
C. 5 dB
D. 10 dB

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The fundamental frequency of a transducer is 2.5 MHz. What is the second harmonic frequency?
A. 1.25 MHz
B. 4.5 MHz
C. 5 MHz
D. 5 cm

5 Mhz

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A pulse is emitted by a transducer and is traveling in soft tissue. The go-return time, or time-of-flight, of a sound pulse is 130 microseconds. What is the reflector depth?
A. 10 cm
B. 10 mm
C. 10 m
D. 130 mm
E. 13 cm

10 cm

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f a 5MHz sound wave is traveling in the tissues listed below, which will have the shortest wavelength?
A. Fat
B. Air
C. Muscle
D. Bone

Air

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If a 5 MHz sound wave is traveling in the tissues listed below, which will have the longest wave?
A. Fat
B. Air
C. Muscle
D. Bone

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Impedance is the _________ of __________ and __________.
A. Product, propagation speed, density
B. Sum, stiffness, density
C. Quotient, stiffness, propagation speed
D. Difference, attenuation, density

Product, prop speed, density

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As the impedances of two media become vastly different, the:
A. Reflection increases
B. Transmission increases
C. Refraction increases
D. Absorption increases

Reflection increases

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The angle between an US pulse and the boundary between two media is 90 degrees. What is this called?
A. Direct incidence
B. Oblique incidence
C. Indirect incidence
D. Orthogonal incidence

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The angle between an US pulse and the boundary between two media is 56 degrees. This is called:
A. Direct incidence
B. Oblique incidence
C. Indirect incidence
D. Orthogonal incidence

Oblique incidence

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Refraction only occurs if there are:
A. Normal incidence & different impedances
B. Indirect intensity & different propagation speeds
C. Oblique incidence & different propagation speeds
D. Oblique frequency & identical impedances

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With normal incidence, what factors affect refraction of US?
A. Propagation speeds
B. Frequencies
C. Attenuation coefficients
D. None of the above

None of the above

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a redirection of US in many directions as a result of a rough boundary between two media.
A. Refraction
B. Rayleigh scattering
C. Scattering
D. Reflection

Scattering

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Under which of the following conditions is axial resolution improved?
A. Decreased spatial pulse length
B. Decreased pulse amplitude
C. Decreased imaging depth
D. Decreased pixel size
E. Decreased beam diameter

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Snell's law describes physics of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Ultrasound
B. Reflection
C. Refraction
D. Transmission

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The most likely amount of reflection at a boundary between soft tissues is:
A. 1%
B. 22 %
C. 34%
D. 99%

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The most typical amount of transmission at a boundary in biological media is:
A. 1%
B. 22%
C. 34%
D. 99%

99%

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Sound is traveling from medium 1 to medium 2. Propagation speeds of M1 and M2 are 1,600 m/s and 1,500 m/s, respectively. There is normal incidence.
A. Angle of incidence > angle of reflection
B. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
C. Angle of incidence < angle of reflection

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Which of the following is associated with power mode Doppler?
A. Poor temporal resolution and flash artifact
B. Lower sensitivity and good temporal resolution
C. High sensitivity and high frame rates
D. Flash artifact and reduced sensitivity
E. Good temporal resolution and flash artifact

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The Doppler shift is a measure of:
A. Ratio of incident frequency to reflector frequency
B. Sum of incident frequency & reflected frequency
C. Difference between incident & reflected frequency
D. Product of incident and reflected frequencies

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Depth calibration of a machine measures 100 mm spaced wires to be 90 mm apart. Scanning reflectors 50 mm apart, what will the machine calculate the distance to be?
A. 40 mm
B. 45 mm
C. 60 mm
D. 65 mm

45 mm

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What increases patient exposure?
A. Exam time
B. Frequency
C. Video taping
D. Wavelength

Exam time

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Where are harmonics created?
A. In the receiver
B. In the transducer
C. In the tissues
D. In the beam former

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How is range ambiguity artifact eliminated?
A. Lower the PRF
B. Raise the PRF
C. Increase the gain
D. Use a lower frequency transducer

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For Doppler, which incident angle results in no shift?
A. 180 degrees
B. 90 degrees
C. 0 degrees
D. 45 degrees

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Which transducer would be best to image superficial structures?
A. Small diameter, high frequency
B. Small diameter, low frequency
C. Large diameter, high frequency
D. Large diameter, low frequency

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A transducer with more than one active element is called:
A. Multipurpose
B. Annular
C. Mechanical
D. Array

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How many bits are needed to represent 16 shades of grey?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

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What information does Doppler shift provide?
A. Flow
B. Cardiac output
C. Velocity
D. Speed

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A hydrophone is used to measure:
A. Velocity
B. Frequency
C. Intensity
D. Phase

Frequency or intensity

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Images on videotape are stored using:
A. Magic
B. Magnetism
C. Paper
D. Computer memory

Magnetism

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If the frame rate increases and the lines per frame is unchanged, what else must happen?
A. US speed increases
B. Frequency increases
C. Depth increases
D. Depth decreases

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Which of these cannot be performed by a sonographer?
A. Adjust overall gain
B. Clean VCR recording heads
C. Clean pixels
D. Adjust time gain compensation

Clean pixels

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Which of the following is not a beam steering technique for a mechanical scan head?
A. Rotating wheel
B. Phased beam
C. Oscillating disc
D. Oscillating mirror

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Which has the greatest amount of attenuation?
A. Bone
B. Fat
C. Water
D. Muscle

Bone

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Which of the following will result in the greatest number of shades of gray in a digital image display?
A. Large pixels with many bits/pixel
B. Small pixels with few bits/pixel
C. Many TV lines per frame
D. High contrast
E. Narrow dynamic range

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To measure the US beam intensity, use a:
A. Calibrated hydrophone
B. Lateral oscilloscope
C. Water filled phantom
D. Tissue equivalent phantom

When the US machine displays only strong reflecting objects and nothing else, the sonographer should:
A. Adjust the gain
B. Increase output power
C. Increase lateral resolution
D. Adjust TGC

Compression is used to:
A. Decrease the amplitude
B. Decrease the range of amplitudes
C. Decrease the range of frequencies

Reject is used to:
A. Alter the appearance of highly reflective objects
B. Alter the appearance of lowly reflective objects
C. Improve axial resolution
D. Improve digital scan converter sensitivity

If a reflector is moved twice as far away from the transducer, how will this affect the time-of-flight of a second pulse?
A. Quadruple it
B. Double it
C. No change
D. Halve it

Double it

A single element transducer is focused:
A. By the manufacturer
B. Cannot be focused
C. By increasing power
D. By the sonographer

An US machine has a digital scan converter but has an analog input signal. The machine needs to have a:
A. Hybrid multiplexer
B. Modem
C. Analog to digital converter
D. Digital monitor

Under which of the following conditions is lateral resolution improved?
A. Decreased beam diameter
B. Decreased pulse duration
C. Decreased imaging depth
D. Decreased pixel size
E. Decreased spatial pulse length

In which way is an annular phase array transducer different than a linear phased array transducer?
A. The linear is steered mechanically
B. The linear can have multiple focal zones
C. The annular can create a rectangular shaped image
D. The linear has higher pulse repetition frequency
E. The annular is steered mechanically

In which of these biological tissues will sound waves propagate most quickly?
A. Tendon
B. Blood
C. Lung
D. Fat
E. Amniotic fluid

tendon

Which of the following best describes a sound beam?
A. Electrical impulses
B. A collection of mechanical vibrations in the form of compressions and rarefactions
C. A wave that man can hear
D. Electromechanical variations
E. Ionic variations

You are performing a quality assurance study using a tissue equivalent phantom. You make an adjustment using a knob on the system console that changes the appearance of reflector brightness from fully bright to barely visible. What are you evaluating?
A. Resolution
B. Dynamic range
C. System sensitivity
D. Vertical calibration
E. Slice thickness

Which of the following best describes the features of a sound wave and medium that determine the speed of sound in the medium?
A. Density of the medium and stiffness of the medium
B. Density of the medium and power of the sound beam
C. Elasticity of the medium and frequency of the sound beam
D. Stiffness of the medium and elasticity of the medium
E. Pulse repetition period of the sound wave and density of the medium

While scanning in a water tank, what location in a sound beam has the highest intensity?
A. Focal point
B. Focal zone
C. Fresnel zone
D. Fraunhofer zone
E. Half value depth

Focal point

Which of these factors has the greatest influence on pulse repetition period?
A. Display depth
B. Thickness of the PZT crystal
C. Attenuation of the sound beam
D. Impedance of the medium
E. Display's dynamic rang

Which of the following choices best describes an ideal epidemiological bioeffects study?
A. Randomized and prospective
B. Benefits outweigh the risks
C. Retrospective and optimized
D. Ideal and non-biased
E. Prudent and safe

Which of the following will result in the highest mechanical index?
A. High frequency and low power
B. High intensity and high frequency
C. Low frequency and high signal amplitude
D. Low intensity and low frequency

Under which circumstance is the mechanical index lowest?
A. High frequency and low power
B. High intensity and high frequency
C. Low intensity and low frequency
D. Low frequency and high signal amplitude

Which of the following improves the signal-it-noise ratio?
A. Dynamic range
B. Frame averaging
C. Gray scale
D. Edge enhancement 
E. Receiver gain

Under which circumstance is cavitation most likely to occur?
A. High frequency and low power
B. High intensity and high frequency
C. Low intensity and low frequency
D. Low frequency and high signal amplitude

Where does coded excitation originate?
A. In the receiver
B. In the tissues
C. In contrast agents
D. In the matching layer
E. In the pulser

Pre-processing occurs:
A. When the patient is scanned
B. When images are transferred to the VCR
C. After the images are on the tape
D. When the image exits the scan converter

Post-processing occurs when the image:
A. Is played of the VDR
B. Entered the A/D converter but before display
C. After it leaves the A/D converter
D. After it leaves the scan converter

The region from the transducer to the minimum beam cross-sectional area is the:
A. Fraunhofer zone
B. Fresnel zone
C. Focus
D. Snell's length

What is the standard for communication between medical imaging computers?
A. ALARA
B. PACS
C. D-to-A conversion
D. DICOM
E. A-to-D conversion

DICOM

The Curie temperature has which effect?
A. The backing material delaminates from the active element
B. The glue binding the crystal & matching layer melts
C. The ferroelectric material is depolarized
D. The matching layer changes its impedance

What happens to venous return to the heart during expiration?
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Unchanged

Which of the following has a propagation speed closest to "soft tissue"?
A. Muscle
B. Fat
C. Bone
D. Air

When can a patient revoke consent?
A. At any time
B. Before the procedure begins
C. Never
D. Only prior to sedation

Which of the following does not change temporal resolution?
A. Frequency compounding
B. Persistence
C. Spatial compounding
D. Temporal resolution

Which of the following is not preprocessing?
A. Write magnification
B. 3-D rendering
C. Fill-in interpolation
D. Spatial compoundin

The dynamic range is the ratio of the smallest to the largest \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that a system can process without distortion.
A. Amplitude
B. Frequency
C. Phase delay
D. Spatial length

What determines the frequency of a sound beam from a pulsed transducer?
A. Voltage applied to the PZT
B. PZT thickness
C. Frequency of the system
D. PRF of the pulser

While propagating , a sound wave is refracted. Finally, it returns to the transducer. The system processes the sound wave as if it has:
A. Refracted and returned
B. Traveled in a straight line, reflected & returned
C. Traveled in a straight line, attenuated, reflected & returned

Put in increasing order of propagation speed:
A. Air, bone, water
B. Bone, water, air
C. Air, water, bone
D. Water, air, bone
E. Bone, air, water

Air, water, bone

Which type of artifact appears most commonly with highly reflective objects?
A. Reverberations
B. Mirroring
C. Shadowing
D. Enhancement
E. Defocusing

What can pulsed Doppler measure that continuous wave cannot?
A. Duration
B. Speed
C. Velocity
D. Location
E. Frequency

Location

Which of the following clinical modalities has the lowest output intensity?
A Pulsed Doppler
B. Continuous wave Doppler
C. Power Doppler
D. Duplex scanning
E. Gray scale imaging

What is the location of the minimum cross-sectional area of the US beam called?
A. Focus
B. Fraunhofer zone
C. Far zone
D. Neat zone

The dB is defined as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of two intensities.
A. Sum
B. Difference
C. Product
D. Ratio

What is propagation speed determined by?
A. Wavelength
B. Intensity & density
C. Amplitude
D. Density & elasticity
E. Density & amplitude

Density & elasticity

Which of the following choices determines the signal amplitude in the transducer of an US system?
A. Reflected intensity of the sound beam
B. Post processing
C. Edge enhancement filtering
D. Persistence
E. Demodulation

If a manufacturer changed the lines per frame and kept the imaging depth the same, what else would change?
A. PRF
B. Period
C. Frame rate

Frame rate

Which of the following has the greatest influence on temporal resolution?
A. Propagation speed and the imaging depth
B. Frequency of sound and the propagation speed
C. Wavelength of sound & propagation speed
D. Output power & frequency

In a real time scanner, which of these choices determines the maximum frame rate?
A. Depth of view
B. Pixel size
C. Attenuation coefficient 
D. Beam diameter
E. Lateral resolution

Depth of view

Multiple reflections that are equally spaced are called:
A. Refractions
B. Reverberations
C. Shadows
D. Comets

What artifact has a grainy appearance and is caused by the interference effects of scattered sound?
A. Spackle
B. Reverberations
C. Slice thickness
D. Speckle
E. Section thickness

All of the following will improve temporal resolution EXCEPT:
A. Increased line density
B. Single rather than multi focus
C. Higher frame rate
D. Shallower depth of view
E. Slower speed of sound in a medium

Increased line density

What are typical clinical Doppler frequencies?
A. 1-10,000 Hz
B. 1-10 MHz
C. 2-1,000 kHz
D. 40-45 kHz

What Doppler angle is most inaccurate?
A. 15-30 degrees
B. 30-45 degrees
C. 45-60 degrees
D. 60-75 degrees

Changing which of the following would not cause any change in a hard copy image output?
A. TGC
B. Overall gain
C. Output power
D. Display brightness & contrast
E. Depth of view

What is the actual time that an US machine is creating a pulse?
A. Duty factor
B. Period
C. Pulse period
D. Pulse duration

The angle of incidence of a US beam is perpendicular to an interface. The two media have the same propagation speeds. What process cannot occur?
A. Refraction
B. Reflection
C. Transmission
D. Attenuation

According to the AIUM statement on bioeffects, there have been no confirmed bioeffects below intensities of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ watts per square centimeter SPTA.
A. 10
B. 0.01
C. 0.1
D. 1
E. 100

Fill-in of an anechoic structure such as a cyst is known as all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Partial volume artifact
B. Slice thickness artifact
C. Section thickness artifact
D. Ghosting artifact

What is the range of frequencies created by medical diagnostic Doppler transducers?
A. 4-10 Hz
B. 10-20 MHz
C. 1-10 kHz
D. 2-20 Hz
E. 2-10 MHz

What is the significance of gray scale variation in the spectrum of a pulsed wave Doppler display?
A. It represents the number of red blood cells creating the reflection
B. It represents the velocity of red blood cells
C. It represents the speed of red blood cells
D. It represents the convergence of red blood cell lamina
E. It determines the ensemble length

Which one of the following sets of properties of a test phantom is most relevant when assessing depth calibration accuracy?
A. Reflector spacing and reflection coefficient
B. Attenuation and speed of US in the medium
C. Reflector spacing and US attenuation in the medium
D. Reflector reflection coefficient and US attenuation in the medium
E. Reflector spacing and propagation speed

Assuming a constant frequency, what happens if the diameter of an unfocused circular transducer is increased?
A. The distance to the far field is reduced
B. The beam width in the near field is reduced
C. The beam width in the near field increased
D. The US wavelength is increased
E. The sensitivity is reduced

From a safety standpoint, which of the following methods is best?
A. Low transmit output and high receiver gain
B. High transmit output and low receiver gain
C. High near gain and low far gain
D. Low near gain and high far gain
E. High reject and high transmitter output

What is the most typical Doppler shift measured clinically?
A. 3.5 MHz
B. 3,500,000 Hz
C. 2 kHz
D. 1,000 kHz
E. 20,000 Hz

When the sound source and the receiver are not moving directly towards or away from each other, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the angle between them enters into calculation of Doppler shift.
A. Average
B. Slope
C. Sine
D. Cosine

The range equation relates distance from the reflector to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Time-of-flight, distance
B. Frequency, wavelength
C. Time-of-flight, propagation speed
D. Propagation speed, density

In soft tissue: Distance traveled = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x round trip time
A. Propagation speed
B. Wavelength
C. Period
D. PRF

With the presence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ we see more boundaries than there are reflecting surfaces.
A. Reverberations
B. Shadowing
C. Enhancement
D. Arrays

What is another name for longitudinal resolution?
A. Axial
B. Depth
C. Lateral
D. Transverse

Axial or depth

Which of the following is the best lateral resolution?
A. 15 mm
B. 6 mm
C. 0.06 cm
D. 2 cm

If the spatial pulse length is 10mm, what is the axial resolution?
A. 0.5 cm
B. 5 cm
C. 10 mm
D. 1 cm

If the frequency is decreased, the numerical value of the radial resolution is:
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Unchanged

The production of a voltage from the application of a pressure is called:
A. Piezoelectricity
B. Impedance
C. Cogeneration
D. Flux

Which is NOT a part of a transducer?
A. Active crystal
B. Matching layer
C. A/D converter
D. Wire

If we increase the frequency, the near zone length is:
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Unchanged

If the transducer aperture increases, the lateral resolution at its smallest dimension is:
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Unchanged

Increased

If we increase the transducer diameter, the beam diameter in the far zone is:
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Unchanged

decreased

At the focus, the beam diameter is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the transducer diameter.
A. Equal to
B. Half
C. Double
D. One-fourth

Lateral resolution can be improved by:
A. Increasing gain
B. Decreasing gain
C. Focusing
D. Smoothing

The more bits per pixel:
A. The better the resolution
B. The higher the pixel density
C. The more shades of gray
D. Higher reliability

The more pixels per inch:
A. The better the temporal resolution
B. The better the spatial resolution
C. The more shades of gray
D. The higher reliability

Which of the following is the first adjustment made when an entire image is too dark?
A. Output power
B. Decompensation
C. Reject
D. Amplification

What is the elimination of voltages that do not exceed a certain level?
A. Amplification
B. Decompensation
C. Reject
D. Demodulation

The process of reducing the difference between the smallest and largest voltages is called __________.

Compression

If the lines per frame is increased while the imaging depth is unchanged then:
A. Frame rate increases
B. Number of shades of gray decreases
C. The frame rate decreases
D. This cannot happen

T/F: A mirror image artifact can appear along side of the true anatomy.

False

Enhancement, multi path and side lobes result in:
A. Image distortion
B. Clearer images
C. Artifact
D. Resolution problems

If wires in an AIUM test object do not appear in the same place as on the display, what is amiss?
A. Registration accuracy
B. Dynamic range accuracy
C. Near gain
D. Gray scale dynamic range

Which of the following best describes the mechanistic approach to the study of bioeffects?
A. Cause-effect
B. Exposure-response
C. Risk-benefit
D. Causation-reaction
E. Effect-microstreaming

Which of the following best describes the empirical approach to the study of bioeffects?
A. Exposure-response
B. Cause-effect
C. Risk-benefit
D. Causation-reaction
E. Effect-micro streaming

The interaction of microscopic bubbles and ultrasound form the basis for cavitation bioeffects. Which of the following forms of cavitation are most likely to produce micro streaming in the intracellular fluid and shear stresses?
A. Stable cavitation
B. Normal cavitation
C. Transient cavitation
D. Inertial cavitation
E. Active cavitation

The consolidation of many images into a single frame best describes which of the following?
A. Dynamic range
B. Fill-in interpolation
C. Phase quadrature
D. Persistence

What artifact is created by an object that is located deeper than the image?
A. Range ambiguity
B. Shadowing
C. Speckle
D. Section thickness

Which of the following will eliminate range ambiguity artifact?
A. Increase wall filter
B. Imaging deeper
C. Lower frequency transducer
D. Frequency compounding

Which of the following will eliminate range ambiguity artifact?
A. Raising the PRF
B. Lowering the PRF
C. Lower frequency transducer
D. Frequency compounding

Identify one of the advantages of coded excitation:
A. Improved contrast resolution
B. Improved lateral resolution
C. Improved temporal resolution
D. Shorter pulse repetition period

All of the following are true of normal cavitation EXCEPT:
A. Harmful bioeffects are commonly observed
B. It is also known as inertial cavitation
C. Only a 10% increase in pressure is needed to convert to this from stable cavitation
D. Temperatures in the thousands of degrees are created
E. It is consistent with shock waves

Where does coded excitation originate?
A. The demodulator
B. The flux capacitor
C. The transducer
D. The pulser

Which of the following has the greatest output intensity?
A. B-mode
B. Gray scale imaging
C. CW Doppler
D. Pulsed Doppler

You enter a hospital room to perform an US exam. Which is the first thing you should do?
A. Check the room number
B. Ask a nurse to confirm the patient’s name
C. Ask the patient’s visitors to leave the room
D. Politely check for the patient’s wristband for identification

The creation of an image by scanning from different angles best describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Spatial compounding 
B. Fill-in interpolation
C. Phase quadrature
D. Persistence

What is the meaning of a thermal index = 3?
A. Tissue temperature may 3 degrees F
B. Tissue temperature will rise 3 degrees C
C. Tissue temperature may rise 3 degrees C
D. Micro bubbles 3 mm in diameter will burst

Identify one of the advantages of coded excitation:
A. Penetration
B. Improved lateral resolution
C. Improved temporal resolution
D. Shorter pulse repetition period

penetration

Which of these boundaries will create the strongest reflection?
A. Air-lung
B. Air-soft tissue
C. Air-blood
D. Soft tissue-blood

Which of these boundaries will create the weakest reflection?
A. Air-lung
B. Air-soft tissue
C. Air-blood
D. Soft tissue-blood

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