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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > * Question Set * > Flashcards

* Question Set * Flashcards

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1
Q

Kholberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post Conventional
Pre-conventional: interested in securing their own benefit. Avoiding punishment, don’t have a good sense of right and wrong.
Conventional: learn about rules and authority. Learn to obey conventions of what one should and shouldn’t do, no distinction between moral and legal
Post-Conventional: differentiate moral right/wrong and law right/wrong

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2
Q

Formal operational stage of Piaget’s stages of development

A

12-adult

Can abstract and think in hypothetical terms

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3
Q

4th stage of Freud,s psychosocial development

A

Latency- once libidinal energy has been sublimated, child’s libido is dormant until puberty

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4
Q

Problem Solving stratagies and their obstacles

A

algorythms, heuristics, trial/error, insight. Obstacles include functional fixedness, misleading/irrelevant info, assumptions, and mental set (only use sol, that have worked in the past)

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5
Q

Integrity v despair

A

65+
Is it okay to have been me?
Good : wisdom aka detached concern for life itself, assured in the meaning of life, dignity, acceptance of death and that one’s life has been worthwhile
Bad : bitterness, feeling that life has been worthless, fear of death

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6
Q

Postconventional morality

A

Third phase of Kohlberg theory of moral reasoning.
Phase 5- social contract: moral rules are designed for the greater good while reasoning protects individual rights
Stage 6- universal human ethics : reasoning is made up of abstract principals (its wrong to do it because it is fundamentally wrong)

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7
Q

First stage of Freud’s psychosexual development

A

Oral stage

0-1 Year’s

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8
Q

Schachter singer theory

A

When an event causes arousal, we then interpret the arousal and find the reason for it

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9
Q

Concrete Operational stage of Piaget’s Stages of Development

A

7-12
child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract. They can understand conservation and others’ perspectives

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10
Q

Autonomy v shame and doubt

A

Erik erikson’s second essential conflict
1-3
Good outcome : child is able to exert control over the world and themselves in the form of self restraint
Bad outcome : doubt and persistent external locus of control
Is it okay to be me?

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11
Q

Charles Spearman

A

two factor theory of intelligence: g factor and s factor

  • G factor = general intelligence
  • S factor = specific intellectual abilities
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12
Q

Identity v role confusion

A

Erik eriksons psychosocial stages of development
12-20
Good : fidelity and the ability to see oneself as unique and integrated person
Bad : amorphous personality that shifts day to day
Who am I? What can I be?

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13
Q

Schachter singer two factor theory

A

Physiological response—> interpretation —> emotion

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14
Q

Initiative v guilt

A

Erik eriksons third essential conflict
3-6
Favorable : sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment
Bad : child is so afraid of punishment they restrain themselves or overcompensate by showing off
Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?

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15
Q

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

8 stages

  1. Trust v Mistrust
  2. Autonomy v Shame
  3. Initiative v Guilt
  4. Industry v Inferiority
  5. Ego Identity v Role Confusion
  6. Intimacy v Isolation
  7. Generatively v Stagnation
  8. Ego Identity v Despair
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16
Q

Name the two important equations for HW pop equilibriums

A

P+q=1

P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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17
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

the tendency to answer questions in a way that will be viewed favorably by others. They over-report “good” things and under-repot “bad”

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18
Q

Industry inferiority

A

Erik eriksons essential conflict
6-12
Good : child I’d competent, able to exercise his or her abilities and intelligence
Bad : sense of inadequacy and inability to act in a competent manner. Low self esteem
Can I make it in the world of people and things?

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19
Q

Does myoglobin or hemoglobin have higher oxygen affinity? Where are each found?

A

Myoglobin is located in the muscles and has a higher O2 affinity than Hb drawing O2 from Hb in blood to Mb in muscle

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20
Q

Conventional morality

A

The second phase of Kohlberg. Stage three - conformity, seeking approval, understanding and accepting social rules
Stage 4- law and order, puts social order in the highest regard

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21
Q

Pre-operational stage of Piaget’s stages of development

A 
2-6
Uses symbols (words/images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. Child also has the ability to pretend. Egocentric.
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22
Q

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A 
8 forms:
bodily
kinesthetic
visual spacial
inter- and intrapersonal 
naturalistic 
logical-math
music
verbal/linguistic
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23
Q

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin

24
Q

Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of development

A

uses sexuality as the main driver of development. Four stages: oral, anal, phallic, genital.

25
Q

Which metal cofactors is necessary for Carbonic Anhydrase function?

A

Zinc

26
Q

Looking glass self

A

Reflecting ourselves back to ourselves

27
Q

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic (structural) theory

A

states that personality and behavior are the result of conflict between the id, ego, and superego.

28
Q

What age do people enter postconventional morality?

A

Adulthood if at all

29
Q

Third stage of Freud’s psychosexual development

A 
Phallic or Oedipal stage 
3-5
Males - Oedipal conflicts
Females - Electra conflict
Child learns morals, identifies with their same sex parent, and sublimates libidinal energy
30
Q

sensorimotor stage of Paget’s stages of development

A

0-2

object permanence and separation anxiety. Explores world through direct sensory and motor contact

31
Q

Theory of mind

A

Being able to sense how another person is thinking or interpreting a situation

32
Q

At what age do people enter preconyventional morality?

A

Preadolescent

33
Q

Second stage of Freud’s psychosexual development

A

Anal stage
1-3
Potty training

34
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Vygotsky’s work on cognitive development which uses the child’s internalization of cultural aspects like rule, language, etc. the zone is those skills and abilities that are not fully developed but are in the process of development. Acquisition requires a more knowledgeable other.

35
Q

Trust v mistrust

A

Erik Erickson’s first essential conflict
0-1
If successful, child will be able to trust the environment and themself

If not, they are suspicious throughout life
Can I trust the world?

36
Q

Mediating variable

A

Explain the relationship between independent and dependent variables

37
Q

Preconventional morality (1)

A

First phase of Kohlberg theory. Stage one is Obedience - avoid punishment
Stage 2 is Self-interest - gaining rewards. Sometimes called instrumental relativist stage because it is asked on reciprocity

38
Q

Cannon bard

A

Emotions and physiological response are simultaneous

39
Q

What does the posterior portion of the spinal cord control?

A

Sensation

40
Q

Final stage of Freud’s psychosexual development theory

A

Genital stage, beginning in puberty and if all stages have been successfully resolved the person will enter normal heterosexual relationship

41
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Development

A

sensorimotor (0-2)
Pre-operational (2-6)
Concrete Operational (7-12)
Formal Operational (12-adult)

42
Q

Intimacy v isolation

A

Erik eriksons essential psychosocial conflicts
20-40
Good : love, the ability to form intimate relationships, and the ability to commit to others and our own goals
Bad : lack of commitment, alienation, and capable of only superficial relationships
Can I love?

43
Q

Theory behind Kohlberg theory of personality development

A

Moral reasoning

44
Q

Endocrine v exocrine

A

endocrine gland secretes its products, for example hormones, directly into the blood. … An exocrine gland secretes its products for example enzymes, into ducts that lead to the target tissue.

45
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Fibroblasts are embedded in the extra cellular matrix and produce the fibers comprising connective tissues such as collagen

46
Q

James Lange theory

A

Physical —> emotion

47
Q

Generativity v stagnation

A

Erik eriksons essential conflicts
40-65
Good : capable of being productive, caring, on contributing members of society
Bad : become bored, self indulgent, and self centered
Can I make my life count?

48
Q

Moderating variable

A

Influences the strength of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables

49
Q

At what age do people enter conventional morality?

A

Adolescence and adulthood

50
Q

Hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A

FLAT PEG
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), LH (Leutinizing Hormone), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), Prolactin, Endophins, and Growth Hormones.

51
Q

What does the anterior portion of the spinal cord control?

A

Motility

52
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

the use of previously learned knowledge, skills and experiences

53
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

theory of intelligence with 3 categories: practical, creative, and analytical

54
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

secrete anti-Mullerian hormone during development in order to degenerate the mullerian ducts. In adulthood, they regulate sperm development

55
Q

leydig cells

A

secrete androgens- testosterone and DHT

56
Q

primary target of FSH in males

A

sertoli cells. these cells synthesize paracrine molecules when activated

57
Q

primary target of LH in men

A

Leiydig cells which produce testosterone

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (14 decks)

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