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Week 3-4 A&P > Question Related > Flashcards

Question Related Flashcards

1
Q

Flagellum

A

•Long, single, whiplike process with axoneme
•Sperm mobility

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2
Q

Cilia

A

•Long hair like projections of social cell surface
•Move substances along cell structure
•Widespread sensory roles

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3
Q

Microvilli

A

•Short hairlike processes around cell surface
•Increases absorvstive surface area

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4
Q

Cytokinesis vs Passing of cells (Telophase)

A

•Cytokinesis final step of cell division in both mitosis/meiosis separating 2 daughter cells
•Completed AFTER telophase

•Telophase - Follows anaphase
•Final step of nuclear division
•Final step of karyokinesis

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane (Cell membrane)

A

•2 dark lines of cell contents
•Regulates exchange of material between cytoplasm & extracellular fluid
•Prevents escape of cell content
•Intercellular communication

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6
Q

Cytokinesis

A

•Division of cytoplasm into 2 cells
•@ the end of mitosis and meiosis

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

•Round oval sacs with single enclosing membrane
•Contain enzymes for intercellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death, and glucose mobilization

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8
Q

Golgi Vesicles

A

•Round to irregular sacs near Golgi complex
•Secretory vesicles & carry cell products to apical surface for exocytosis or become lysosomes

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9
Q

Golgi Complex

A

•Closely spaced parallel cisterns with thick edges - near nucleus
•Receives and modifies newly synthesized polypeptides — synthesized carbohydrates
•Adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins
•Packages cell production in Golgi Vesicle

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10
Q

Centrosomes

A

•Near nucleus, small clear patch of cytoplasm
•Cell division
•Clear area near nucleus contains pair of centrioles
•Organizing center for formation of micro tubules of cytoskeleton and mitonic spindle

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11
Q

Proteasome’s

A

•Protein disposal function
•Degrade more than 80% of cell proteins
•Enzymes unfold and break down into amino acids & short peptides
•Hollow cylindrical protein complexes in cytoplasm/nucleus

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12
Q

Isotonic

A

•No net flow of water in nor out
•Stable same volume in cell

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13
Q

Hypotonic

A

•Low concentration of water
•Absorb water and swell (crenate)
•Cell gains volume
•Solute concentration outside cell is lower than inside

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14
Q

Hypertonic

A

•Net flow of water OUT the cell
•Cell loses volume
•Solute concentration higher than inside cell
•Cell shrinks (Crenate)

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15
Q

IV Solutions

A

•Isotonic— Same osmolarity
•Hypertonic— Higher osmolarity
•Hypotonic— Lower osmolarity

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16
Q

Nucleolus Function

A

•Larger nuclear organelle
•Primary location for ribosome production
•Composed of RNA & protein
•Eye if the nucleus

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17
Q

Rough ER

A

•Site if protein synthesis & lipid synthesis
•Contains more ribosomes than smooth

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18
Q

Smooth ER

A

•Lacks ribosomes
•Lipid synthesis

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19
Q

of chromosomes

A

•46 total— Mitosis— Haploid
•23 total __ Meiosis __ Diploid

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20
Q

Tight Junction

A

•Formed by fusion of the outer layer of 2 plasma membranes of2 adjacent cells = Water tight seals
•Forms nearly imperiable barrier = prevents passage of water and solutes between cells

(Ex: Stomach / Lining of bladder)

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21
Q

Gap Junction

A

•Cell-to-cell adhesión molecules that attach 2 cells together via proteins
•Direct /Rapid communication between cells
•••CONNEXONS••• — Pore acts as a channel between cells allowing 2 adj. cells to share cytoplasm

!! — Allows ions/molecules to pass between 2 cells

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22
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

•Synovium
•Composed of loose connective tissues w/ epithelial tissue
•Lines cavities of joints/tendons sheaths
•Produce lubricant (synovial fluid)

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23
Q

Serous Membrane

A

•Serosa
•Mesothelium (sheet of simple squamos epithelium) + thin underlying layer of areolar connective tissue

***Pariental/ Visceral/ Serous fluid — Lines walls of internal organs / covers internal organs/ between both

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24
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

•Term for skin
•Largest membrane
•Consists of stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) + layer of connective tissue (dermis)

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25
Q

Mucous membranes

A

•Protects structure from external forces
•Contains “goblet cells”— secreting cells
•Stratified squamous epithelial / simple columnar epithelium + smooth muscle
•Composed— Epithelial tissue attached to an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue (Lamina Propria)

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26
Q

Tissue Types (MENC)

A

•Muscle— Contract providing movement
•Epithelial— Ground of cells that cover exterior surface of body
•Nervous— Generation/Propagation I’d electrochemical signals in form of impulses that communicate between body regions
•Connective— Binds cells and organs

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27
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

•Large network of proteins and other molecule that support/surround
•Give structure to cells
•Helps cells attach/ communicate/
Movement /grown
!! — Epithelial/ Connective/ Nervous/ Muscular

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28
Q

Interphase

A

•Stage where DNA would be made
•G1phase— Cell grows physically larger/ Copies organelles/ Molecular building blocks
•S phase— Complete copy of DNA in nucleus
•G2 phase— More growing of cell/ proteins/ organelles / reorganize to start mitosis

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29
Q

(M) phase

A

•Stage of cell cycle where cell divides forming 2 new cells
•Mitosis

30
Q

Mitocytosis

A

•Protects cells from mitochondrial stress

31
Q

Active Transport & Secondary Transport

A

•Primary— Sodium Potassium pump
•Hydrolyzes ATP (Uses ATP)

2nd Transport— Steep sodium gradient across membrane
(Requires energy)

32
Q

Endocrine glands are composed of _____ tissue

A

Epithelial

33
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

•Net movement from high concentration to low concentration
•Diffuse down concentration gradient

34
Q

Osmosis

A

•Water diffusion
•Net flow of water

35
Q

Desosomes

A

•Prevents cells from breaking apart
•Strength- Withstand significant mechanic stress
•Form strong structure— Integrity of cytoskeleton of cells

36
Q

Mechanical Transfer Mechanism

A

•Requires E! — Active transport / Sodium potassium pump

•Does not require E!— Passive mechanism /Diffusion

37
Q

Subtypes of Connective Tissues

A

•Blood
•Bone
•Cartilage
•Connective Tissue

38
Q

Voluntary/Involuntary Control

A

•Voluntary- Controlled by our conscious thought
•Involuntary— Controlled by nervous system

Skeletal Muscle— Voluntary
Cardia Muscle— Involuntary
Smooth Muscle — Involuntary

39
Q

Portion of neuron that contains the nucleus/organelle

A

•Cell body (Neurosoma)

40
Q

DNA & RNA pairing

A

•DNA— A - T -G - U
•RNA— A - U - G - C

41
Q

Protein Fibers in connective tissues

A

•Collagen Fibers- Thick
•Reticular fibers
•Elastic fibers- Thin

42
Q

Merocrine

A

•Released through exocytosis in vesicles
(Sweat & Salivary)

43
Q

Holocrine

A

•Secretion via loss of entire cell

44
Q

Apocrine

A

•Secretions released in apical cytoplasm
(Mammary glands/ ceruminous wax in ears)

45
Q

Endocytosis

A

•Bring into cell require E!

46
Q

Passive vs Active Transport

A

•Active— Consume ATP
•Vascular transport = Consume ATP
•Moving up gradient

•Passive— No ATP required

47
Q

Ribosomes

A

•Small dark granules free in cytosol
•On surface of rough ER and nuclear envelope
•Interpret the genetic code and synthesize polypeptides

48
Q

Epithelial Tissue/Cells

A

•Cells— Simple squamous/ cuboidal/ columnar
— Stratified squamous/cuboidal

•Basal lamina— Reticular connective tissue = Basement membrane

49
Q

Gas exchange in Plasma Membrane

A

•Primarily through diffusion
•Process from concentration gradient (more from a concentration of high to an area of low)

•Passive process= No ATP required

50
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

•Reactants— Oxygen and glucose
•Products— Carbon dioxide / ATP/ Water

51
Q

Aerobic vs Anarobic Respiration

A

•Aerobic— takes place in oxygen presence
•— Releases more energy than Anarobic
•— Carbon dioxide and water end products
•Anarobic— W/o oxygen
•— Alcohol is end product
•— Glycolosis - breakdown of glucose

52
Q

Hemidesosomes

A

•Half a desmosome
•Uses INTEGRINS to connect cels to basal lamina
•Anchoring epithelial cells to basement membrane

53
Q

_____ types of ce junction that allows lassi g of ions and small molecules

A

•Gap junction

54
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

•Changes shale in response to stretching
•Cuboidal relaxed — squalls when stretched
•Located in URINARY TRACT

55
Q

Cardiac/ Smooth/ Skeletal/ Muscle Images

A

•Cardiac— Wrapped spaced around blobs
•Smooth— Slugs with dots
•Skeletal muscle— Velcro with nuclei

56
Q

2 differences between Mitosis/ Meiosis

A

•Mitosis — Has single cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
•Meiosis— Has single cell that divides twice to produce 4 cells that containers half the original genetic info

•Crossing over does not occur in Mitosis

•Diploid cells— Mitosis — 46
•Haploid cells—Meiosis — 23

57
Q

Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)

A

•Protection for cell
•Transport nutrients in cell and waste out

58
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

•Form channels and pores to move molecules across membrane
•Permanently bind to cell membrane components
•Hydrophobic region in phospholipid layer

59
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

•Proteins attached to cell membrane temporarily
•Do not cross into cell membrane
•Attach to surface of cell on either side of cell membrane
•Hells other proteins in cell carry out their function

60
Q

PMAT (Mitosis)

A

P- Prophase— Chromatic into chromosomes // Nuclear envelope breakdown// Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by their centrosomes

M- Metaphase— Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell

A- Anaphase— Sister chromatids are pulled opposite poles of cell

T- Telophase— Nuclear envelope reforms // Chromosomes unfold into chromatin // Cytokines begins // Making RNA & preparing synthesis protein

61
Q

Inclusions

A

•High variable fat droplets
•Never enclosed membrane
•Storage products/ other products of cellular metabolism
•Retained in cytoplasm

62
Q

Basal Body

A

•Unpaired centriole @ base of cilium
•Point of origin /growth/ anchorage of a cilium/flagellum produces axoneme

63
Q

Centrioles

A

•Short cylindrical bodies each composed of a circle
•Form mitotic spindle during cell division

64
Q

Mitochondria

A

•ATP synthesis
•Round rod shaped bean shaped structure w/ shelflike folding

65
Q

Microfilaments

A

•Thin protein filaments
•Support microvilli and plasma membrane
•Involved in muscle contractions and cell mobility/ endocytosis / cell division

66
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

•Thicker protein filaments
•Extending throughout cytoplasm /cell to cell junction
•Give shape and physical support to cell
•Anchors cells to each other
•Compartmentalize cell content

67
Q

Nucleus

A

•Largest organelle in most cells
•Surrounded by 2x membrane
•Shelters DNA
•Protein synthesis
•Genetic control center of cells

68
Q

Rough ER

A

•Protein synthesis & manufacture of cellular membrane

69
Q

Smooth ER

A

•Lipid synthesis
•Calcium storage
•Petoxification

70
Q

Proteasomes

A

•Degrade proteins that are undesirable or no longer needed by cell
•Composed of cylindrical array of proteins

71
Q

Peroxisosomes

A

•Similar to lysosomes
•Contains enzymes for detoxification of alcohol / other drugs/ free radicals
•Oxidize fatty acids

Week 3-4 A&P (1 decks)

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