Question Paper Flashcards
Internal Migration: Push
overpopulation
failure of potato crop and potato famine
had to stay away for long periods of time in highlands
highland clearances
lack of economic opportunities
poverty
new technology meant less workers were needed on farms
low wages
bad housing
industrial revolution limited the need for some urban jobs
fall of the kelp and herring industries
Few attractions to highland life
Internal Migration: pull
employment opportunities in lowland industrial towns
higher wages
better perceived working conditions
town occupations seemed less demanding than rural ones
attractions of cities such as better social life and entertainment
towns were appealing to many young rural workers
increased transport developments made it easier to migrate
Emigration (external): push
Balmoralism and tourism created pressure for change in the highlands
employment insecurity in cities
work ceasing on roads and canals
bad slum conditions
disease, especially cholera in cities
Emigration (external): pull
emigration agencies encouraged people to migrate
New Zealand and Australia offered free passage
information about the success of other Scots emigrants
family encouraged them to move
encouragement from emigration societies and landlords
employment opportunities in the development of industries in India, such as the jute and tea industries
career opportunities including government and army service
wages tended to be higher in other countries
availability of cheap or free land, particularly in Canada
discovery of gold in USA and Australia
the availability of facilities such as mills and transport made farming more achievable as they could sell their crops easily
higher standard of living
better prospects for self and family
steam ships made travel easy and accessible
Experience of immigrants in Scotland (Irish)
Catholic Irish joined strikes, and trade unions
some did work as strike breakers, having an adverse effect on Scottish appreciation of them
employers welcomed the hard working Irish immigrants
Protestant Irish integrated will due to similarities in religion
many Protestant and Catholic immigrants had conflicts in Scotland
from the 1920s anti-Catholicism became a large issue in Scotland, from the Church as well as in jobs
many were seen as a threat due to their origin and religion
many Catholic immigrants struggled to climb the social ladder due to wanting to remain separate from Scots
Catholic immigrants were involved in the creation of organisations such as football teams to develop a distinct community
Experience of immigrants in Scotland (Lithuanian)
many changed their names to fit in with Scottish Society
they were relatively few in numbers to other immigrant groups and were not perceived as a threat
initially seen as a threat to wages but this was short lived as they joined unions
Experience of immigrants in Scotland (Italian)
Italians integrated fairly easily as they faced fairly little resistance and ran popular and successful businesses such as fish and chip shops and ice cream parlours
in the years before WW2, many Italian immigrants faced hostilities as concerns grew about the actions of Mussolini and Italy’s association with Nazi Germany
kept own identity via clubs and organisations
opened on Sundays and were disliked for this reason by the church
Experience of immigrants in Scotland (Jewish)
many settled in Glasgow
many provided services as tailors, pedlars and furniture makers
many faced anti semitism but integrated better than Irish immigrants
they generally arrived in fairly small numbers so weren’t seen as a threat
they mostly kept within their own communities, posing no threat to Scottish businesses and not using the benefits system
The impact of Scots emigrants on the empire (Canada)
created Canadian pacific railroad
founded banks
political involvement, first prime minister (after it became a dominion) was Scottish (Sir John A Macdonald)
control of the fur trade
farming techniques learned in Scotland were brought to Canada
developed education
brought the Gaelic language to Canada
intermarriage with native tribes
loss of land by native people
The impact of Scots emigrants on the empire (Australia)
developed agriculture
developed sugar and wine industries
developed trade, mining, manufacturing, shipping, engineering, and finance
Scots dominated many shipping firms
Scots were involved in the development of education
religious education was well developed by Scots
very involved in the harsh treatment of Aboriginals
took land from Aboriginals
prominent in wool production
many places have Scottish names
The impact of Scots emigrants on the empire (New Zealand)
founded the paper making industry
influenced the development of farming
founded banks and financial institutions
had a political impact
many places have Scottish names
Gaelic language survived for many generations
many major historical buildings in Dunedin were designed by Scottish architects
Treaty of Waitangi was created so that Scots could buy Māori land and Māoris accepted the rule of the British crown
The impact of Scots emigrants on the empire (New India)
developed tea plantations
developed Jute industry
introduced the Scottish banking system
many governor generals were Scots
developed elite schools and universities
spread Christianity to India
abolished suttee (ritual sacrifice of women on husband’s funeral pyre)
abolished thuggee (ritual murder)
