Question for Day 3: finals Flashcards
These are zones of increased content of chemical elements in natural formations associated with deposits of useful minerals
Halos of Dispersion
It is endogenic and arises in the surrounding rock simultaneously with the formation of the mineral body.
Primary halo
Form in the products of decomposition of rock, and also in soil, water, plants, and the surface atmosphere as a result of supergene processes taking place on the land surface
Secondary Halo
It is a sampling method where a specimen is picked up from a portion of mineralized outcrop/ore body
Grab sampling
Suitable method for bedded, banded, and vein types of deposits, this method consists of cutting channels across the face of exposed ore and collecting resulting chips, fragments and dust from each channels to make a sample.
Channel/ Groove/ Trench sampling
Enumerate the steps in conducting channel sampling
- The outcrop is cleared from unwanted materials
- If necessary, the rock face may be trimmed at cutting point of the deposit
- The location of channel is marked by a set of parallel lines
- The inner part is excavated keeping a constant channel cross section
- Finally, excavated material is collected, pulverized carefully and sampling site is labeled The cutting of channels depends on ore body or metal deposit
Used for hard or uniform ores where it is difficult to cut channels. The samples are collected by taking a small series of chips of rocks on a regular grid pattern from the working face in regular intervals
Chip or point sampling
Involves cutting of pieces of ore and rock from exposed faces of ore and waste The faces may be natural outcrops or faces exposed in surface trenches and pits or in the backs, walls, and floors of development openings and stopes
Face/ Muck/ Lump Sampling
Face samples may be taken from_____. Please enumerate.
- by cutting grooves or channels of uniform width and depth across the face or sections of the face or
- by picking off small pieces all over the face, more or less at random
- The former method is the more systematic, and although ordinarily it is the one that is employed when accuracy is desired, pick sampling may sometimes be as accurate, or more so, depending on conditions
This type of sampling method is used in checking of the reliability of other types of samples and sometimes may be taken to determine a correction factor for use in an estimate based on samples of other types
Bulk sampling
The samples are taken by blasting down drift blocks or a section in a stope or otherwise obtaining a sample of several tons to several hundred or even thousands of tons, either from trench, pit, channel or from the run of mine, where the entire lot is milled separately
Bulk sampling
Collection and analysis of silt, sand, mud, clay in a stream or river bed, either dry or wet
Stream sediment sampling
Usually employed as an early stage exploration tool to cover large areas relatively quickly in the hope of identifying smaller areas of interest to be followed up with prospecting and more detailed (and costly) sampling techniques
Stream sediment sampling
This method is more convenient for the determination of the deposit’s boundaries. Here, samples consists of the cuttings from drill holes
Drill hole sampling
Enumerate the various error of sampling
- Improper spacing in samples
- Insufficient number of samples
- Improper location of samples
- Incorrect weighting of assay
- Failure to recognize ore, thus leaving it unsampled
- Improper chemical analysis
What sampling pattern involves acquisition of samples that are equally spaced apart, both vertically and horizontally
Regular
Simplest grid design because all the samples are equally spaced apart vertically and horizontally
Regular grid
Samples are equally apart horizontally. Every other sample line is offset one half sample spacing which decreases the diagonal spacing between samples
Staggered grid
Each sample has same distance of away from each surrounding sample. This pattern is sometimes called a triangular grid because 3 nearest samples form an equilateral triangle
Equidistant grid
It is considered the most reliable method for accurately determining the content of gold, silver, and platinum group metals (except osmium and ruthenium) in ores or concentrates This process involves melting a gold bearing sample in a clay crucible/cupel at 1000 C with a mixture of fluxes (such as silica and borax), lead oxide (called litharge), and a reducing agent (frequently flour)
Fire assay
The process of extracting sulfur from underground deposit.
Frasch process
Smelting process in high temperature conditions
Pyrometallurgy
What process refers to the dissolution of silver in a dore during boiling in nitric acid?
Parting
Heat treatment of a material to change its ductility.
Annealing
Separating the silver and gold by melting its impurities.
Cuppellation
Dissolving the solid (ore) into the acid.
Chemical digestion
Cyprus, Kuroko, and Besshi type VMS deposits can be found in what areas in the Philippines, respectively?
Barlo (pangasinan) - Bagacay (samar) - Rapu-rapu (albay)
What is the strongest acid?
Flouroantimonic acid
Who was the infamous Filipino geologist who salted crushed core samples with gold shavings in Busang East Kalimantan, Indonesia in 1997
Michael De Guzman
What is the most common coal rank in the Philippines?
Subbituminous coal
Where can we found cinnabar in the Philippines? The powdered cinnabar used for pigment is called _______.
Palawan; Vermillion
The Negros Trench was formed in response to the collision of _________ and ___________.
Palawan microcontinental block and PH mobile belt
One karat of gold is equal to how many percent gold content? Three nines fine correspond to gold of ________% purity
4.17%
The ingredient of the cement is limestone and clay.
Pozzolan Cement
The ingredient of the cement is argillaceous or siliceous shale and limestone.
Portland cement
The ingredient is cement and aggregates.
Concrete
What do you call the combination of copper and zinc?
Brass
What do you call the combination of copper and tin?
Bronze
What is the “Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations ( of the Republic Act ( No 7076 otherwise
known as the People’s Small Scale Mining Act of 1991
DAO 2022-03
SSM contract area must not exceed how many hectares?
20 hectares
It is a Glencore managed company that processes and exports refined copper and precious metal by products of international standards located in Isabel, Leyte The smelting process employed by this company is __________________.
PASAR (Philippine Associated Smelting and Refining Corporation)
Enumerate the reason why the smelting industries in the Philippines is not fully developed?
- electrical price is expensive
- market is low because we don’t have car companies
- Philippines is an archipelago meaning transporting ore is very expensive
What does PMRE stand for?
Petroleum and Mineral Resources Engineering
An average that multiplies all values and finds a root of the number. For a dataset with n numbers, you find the nth root of their product. You can use this descriptive statistic to summarize your data.
Geometric mean
The simplest and most widely used measure of a mean, or average. It simply involves taking the sum of a group of numbers, then dividing that sum by the count of the numbers used in the series.
Arithmetic mean
The exponent to which a base number must be raised in order to produce the random variable (x) that is found along a normally distributed curve.
Log distribution
Used to determine the number of observations that lie above (or below) a particular value in a data set. It is calculated using a frequency distribution table, which can be constructed from stem and leaf plots or directly
Cumulative frequency
Same stratigraphic thickness
isopach
True vertical thickness of bed
isochore
The bed has the same age.
isochron
It is the estimated metal content of an orebody, based on reserve calculations.
Reserved grade
It is the actual metal content of ore determined after processing.
Recovered grade
It is the metal content of mined ore going into a mill for processing.
Mill head grade
It is the short attachment in the technical report.
Appendix
It is the long attachment in the technical report
Annex
Psammitic rocks are composed of ________ sized particles
sand
What is a pycnocline?
Water density increase with depth
What are the other names for barite?
barytine barytite barytes, heavy spar, tiff, and blanc fixe
In the absence of a sample splitter/Jones riffle splitter, what will you do to get a representative sample?
composite and quartering method
Measurement of zircon crystals from a granite yield parent/daughter ratios of 25 percent parent (uranium 235 and 75 percent daughter (lead 206). The half life of uranium 235 is 704 million years. How old is the granite?
704 million x 2 = 1.408 billion
Atom families that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
What is the stable daughter of uranium-238?
lead-206
What is the stable daughter of thorium-232?
lead-208
What is the stable daughter of uranium-235?
lead-207
What is the stable daughter of rubidium-87?
Strontium-87
What is the stable daughter of potassium-40?
argon-40
What is the half-life value of uranium-238 and lead-206?
4.5 billion years
What is the half-life value of uranium-235 and lead-207?
704 million years
What is the half-life value of thorium-232 and lead-208?
14.1 billion years
What is the half-life value of rubidium-87 and strontium-87?
47.0 billion years
What is the half-life value of potassium-40 and argon-40?
1.3 billion years
Particles may be emitted from the nucleus. It is composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
Alpha particles
An electron, is given off from a nucleus, the mass number remains unchanged because electrons have practically no mass.
beta particle
a reliable means of calculating the ages of rocks and minerals that contain particular radioactive isotopes
radiometric dating
The time required for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay
half-life
A hypothetical radioactive isotope has a half life of 10 000 years If the ratio of radioactive parent to stable daughter product is 1:3 how old is the rock containing the radioactive material?
If a radioactive isotope of thorium (atomic number 90 mass number 232) emits 6 alpha particles and 4 beta particles during the course of radioactive decay, what are the atomic number and mass number of the stable daughter product?
There are 2 drills having a 15% chance of hitting the target mineralized vein. What is the probability that both drills will hit the target? If none? If only one will hit?
