Question 1 Flashcards
Explain 2 consequences of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979).
- End of SALT 2: Americans saw the invasion as an attempt to spread communism. Pres. Carter claimed it was the biggest threat to world peace since the end of WWII. He withdrew SALT 2 from Senate and increased spending on arms. he issued the Carter Doctrine which said the USA would repel with force, if necessary, any threats to American interests in the Persian Gulf
- Olympic Boycotts: invasion contributed to the 1980 Olympic Boycott in which over 60 countries supported the USA by not attending the 1980 Moscow Olympics. This embarrassed the USSR and increased tension.
Explain 2 consequences of the Marshall Plan.
- Positive defects: between 1948-1952, the USA gave $12.7bn in addition to the $13bn already given out by the USA. British foreign secretary, Ernest Bevin, called it a ‘lifeline to sinking men, giving hope where there was none.’
- Creation of 2 economic + political alliance systems: Stalin referred to it as ‘dollar imperialism’ and rejected it. Removed any lingering belief in the Grand Alliance which pushed Stalin into creating Comecon
Explain 2 consequences of the Prague Spring 1968.
- Brezhnev Doctrine - 26 Sep 1968, Soviet newspaper Pravda published announcement that became known as Brezhnev d. This said that any country that took actions against the communist government would be stopped by all other communist countries - liberal reforms were banned.
- Impact on international relations: USA + other western countries were outraged and made formal protests through the UN but these were vetoed by the USSR. Soviets saw that the USA would not take action due to being in a war with Vietnam and the adoption of the policy of detente and
Explain 2 consequences of the creation of Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe from 1944.
- Affected Truman’s thinking: Truman saw the creation of the buffer zone as evidence that Stalin wanted to spread communism worldwide.
- Truman Doctrine: Truman announced while the satellite states were being established which drew a clear line between the two sides in the Cold War, making relations worse.
Explain two consequences of the Bay of Pigs incident (1961).
- Pushed Castro into the arms of Khrushchev - Made Castro want more security (bc JFK sent 1400 x-Cuban nationals to overthrow him) so he agreed to let the USSR keep ICBMs on Cuban soil.
- Failure led to Operation Mongoose - BOP failed due to lack of US air support and poor planning but the CIA + JFK were still determined to remove Castro so approved Operation Mongoose which saw Cuban exiles and CIA attacking Cuban industry and farmland.
Explain two consequences of the Hungarian Uprising (1956)
- Strict Soviet control res-established - 20,000 Hungarians were killed and 15,000 fled abroad after Khrushchev ordered Soviet tanks to move into Budapest and crush down the uprising on 4th November. Nagy was replaced by pro-soviet Janos Kadar.
- America looked weak - USA did not offer direct help to the Hungarians. They only offered food and medical aid worth $20mil to Hungary and allowed 80,000 refugees to move to the USA. Khrushchev felt stronger bc he knew the Americans would not intervene with satellite states.
Explain 2 consequences of Ronald Reagan’s policies as president from 1981.
- Damaged relations - Reagan alunched SDI in March 1983 which was a plan to have satellites, mirrors and lasers in space that would destroy the Soviey Union. USSR claimed that it broke the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. In Dec 1983, Soviet negotiators walked out of the arms control talks in Geneva.
- Reagan Doctrine: ‘rollback communism.’USA was prepared to fund anti-communist forces in Central America and Southern Africa. US was stronger superpower bc USSR was struggling to deal with anti-communist protests in Europe due to the economic decline
Explain 2 consequences of the Truman Doctrine.
- Prevented countries from beconing communist. This settled Truman’s concern of the Domino Theory - if Greece and Turkey became communist, then other countries across Europe + the Middle East would follow. This was because it gave countries an option of either capitalism and communism (which was bad as people couldn’t be free) by stating the US would rpovide financial and military aid.
- Positive relations. Through Marshall Aid, $13bn was sent to help. British secretary Ernest Bevin called it ‘a lifeline to sinking men, giving hope to men where there wasn’t any’
Explain 2 consequences of the Helsinki Accords (1975).
- Strengthened detente. This is because they agreed on security issues, cooperation, human rights and borders. For example, East and West Germany accepted each other officially and trade cooperation between the USA and USSR - USA buy oil from USSR and USSR buy wheat.
- Helped the USA and USSR form a stable relationship. One agreement was the sharing of scientific knowledge and so it coincided with more US-Soviet cooperation. For example, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975) - a joint space mission.
Explain 2 consequences of the Long and Novikov telegrams (1946).
- Relationships between the Eat and West worsened - Kennan’s Long Telegram (Feb 22 1946) contributed to US policy of containment. Stated that Stalin wanted to destroy communism
- Pushed Stalin to strengthen buffer zone - Novikov Telegram (Sep 27 1946) described how the USA no longer wanted to work together and wanted war. So Stalin strengthened buffer zone out of fear of attacks. Also led to Comecon where Stalin forced a division between East and West
Explain 2 consequences of ths Potsdam Conference (1945).
- Breakdown of trust: Truman was a hawk and adopted a ‘get tough’ policy toward Stalin. Truman announced that the USA had officially detonated the atomic bomb, which Stalin also didn’t like bc it meant the USA had such a huge military advantage. Set stage for Cold War to proceed.
- Showed the Grand Alliance could work together toward a common goal. For example, they all collectively agreed to split Germany into 4 zones run by Britain, France, the USA and the Soviet Union
Explain 2 consequences of the formation of NATO (1949).
- Led to Soviet Union focussing on strengthening its control over Eastern Europe (which led to formation of cominform). This is bc NATO showed that neither the US nor Western European governments were prepared to accept future Soviet aggression.
- Divided Europe into two spheres of influence: Western (capitalist) and Eastern (communist). This is bc NATO was a military alliance based around the principle of collective security and was directed against a possible military attack from the Soviet Union on Western Europe
Explain two consequences of the Yalta Conference (1945)
- Showed the Grand Alliance could work together toward a common goal. For example, they all collectively agreed to split Germany into 4 zones run by Britain, France, the USA and the Soviet Union
- Breakdown of trust - Churchill was made aware of a mass grave containing Polish officers killed by the Soviets
Explain 2 consequences of summit meetings between the USA and USSR from 1985 to 1989.
- Showed how they were working together to reduce tension. At the Geneva summit in 1985, Gorbachev and Reagan agreed to more meetings. Both the USA and USSR declared, in a joint statement, that ‘a nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought.’
- Led to the INF treaty. Although there were no formal agreements made at the Reykjavik summit in October 1986, it was clear that both Reagan and Gorbachev had in interest in cutting down the number of nuclear weapons they had. Therefore, diplomats continued with these discussions and came up with the INF treaty, signed in Washington. It stood for Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces and got rid of all 500-5500km nuclear missiles each power had.
Explain 2 consequences of the death of Stalin (1953).
- De-stalinisation - introduced by Khrushchev. Meant that the Soviet no longer saw itself as a dictatorship but instead a one-party state governed by the politburo with Khrushchev as the leader. In 1956, Khrushchev hinted in a speech that society control would relax as he used Desalinisation to revitalise areas Stalin had been oppressing for years by ending the role of large-scale forced labour in the economy
- Effect on Hungary - Hungarians hated the communist rule they were forced under by the dictatorial leadership of Raoski whose regime imprisoned 400,000 and caused 2000 deaths. After the Oct 1956 bread shortages, Hungarians began protesting and pulling down Stalin’s statues. This led to Khrushchev appointing Imre Nagy who was more liberal and wanted the following reforms for Hungary to lead the Warsaw pact and have UN protection from the Soviet Union