Question 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979).

A
  1. End of SALT 2: Americans saw the invasion as an attempt to spread communism. Pres. Carter claimed it was the biggest threat to world peace since the end of WWII. He withdrew SALT 2 from Senate and increased spending on arms. he issued the Carter Doctrine which said the USA would repel with force, if necessary, any threats to American interests in the Persian Gulf
  2. Olympic Boycotts: invasion contributed to the 1980 Olympic Boycott in which over 60 countries supported the USA by not attending the 1980 Moscow Olympics. This embarrassed the USSR and increased tension.
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2
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the Marshall Plan.

A
  1. Positive defects: between 1948-1952, the USA gave $12.7bn in addition to the $13bn already given out by the USA. British foreign secretary, Ernest Bevin, called it a ‘lifeline to sinking men, giving hope where there was none.’
  2. Creation of 2 economic + political alliance systems: Stalin referred to it as ‘dollar imperialism’ and rejected it. Removed any lingering belief in the Grand Alliance which pushed Stalin into creating Comecon
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3
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the Prague Spring 1968.

A
  1. Brezhnev Doctrine - 26 Sep 1968, Soviet newspaper Pravda published announcement that became known as Brezhnev d. This said that any country that took actions against the communist government would be stopped by all other communist countries - liberal reforms were banned.
  2. Impact on international relations: USA + other western countries were outraged and made formal protests through the UN but these were vetoed by the USSR. Soviets saw that the USA would not take action due to being in a war with Vietnam and the adoption of the policy of detente and
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4
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the creation of Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe from 1944.

A
  1. Affected Truman’s thinking: Truman saw the creation of the buffer zone as evidence that Stalin wanted to spread communism worldwide.
  2. Truman Doctrine: Truman announced while the satellite states were being established which drew a clear line between the two sides in the Cold War, making relations worse.
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5
Q

Explain two consequences of the Bay of Pigs incident (1961).

A
  1. Pushed Castro into the arms of Khrushchev - Made Castro want more security (bc JFK sent 1400 x-Cuban nationals to overthrow him) so he agreed to let the USSR keep ICBMs on Cuban soil.
  2. Failure led to Operation Mongoose - BOP failed due to lack of US air support and poor planning but the CIA + JFK were still determined to remove Castro so approved Operation Mongoose which saw Cuban exiles and CIA attacking Cuban industry and farmland.
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6
Q

Explain two consequences of the Hungarian Uprising (1956)

A
  1. Strict Soviet control res-established - 20,000 Hungarians were killed and 15,000 fled abroad after Khrushchev ordered Soviet tanks to move into Budapest and crush down the uprising on 4th November. Nagy was replaced by pro-soviet Janos Kadar.
  2. America looked weak - USA did not offer direct help to the Hungarians. They only offered food and medical aid worth $20mil to Hungary and allowed 80,000 refugees to move to the USA. Khrushchev felt stronger bc he knew the Americans would not intervene with satellite states.
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7
Q

Explain 2 consequences of Ronald Reagan’s policies as president from 1981.

A
  1. Damaged relations - Reagan alunched SDI in March 1983 which was a plan to have satellites, mirrors and lasers in space that would destroy the Soviey Union. USSR claimed that it broke the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. In Dec 1983, Soviet negotiators walked out of the arms control talks in Geneva.
  2. Reagan Doctrine: ‘rollback communism.’USA was prepared to fund anti-communist forces in Central America and Southern Africa. US was stronger superpower bc USSR was struggling to deal with anti-communist protests in Europe due to the economic decline
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8
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the Truman Doctrine.

A
  1. Prevented countries from beconing communist. This settled Truman’s concern of the Domino Theory - if Greece and Turkey became communist, then other countries across Europe + the Middle East would follow. This was because it gave countries an option of either capitalism and communism (which was bad as people couldn’t be free) by stating the US would rpovide financial and military aid.
  2. Positive relations. Through Marshall Aid, $13bn was sent to help. British secretary Ernest Bevin called it ‘a lifeline to sinking men, giving hope to men where there wasn’t any’
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9
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the Helsinki Accords (1975).

A
  1. Strengthened detente. This is because they agreed on security issues, cooperation, human rights and borders. For example, East and West Germany accepted each other officially and trade cooperation between the USA and USSR - USA buy oil from USSR and USSR buy wheat.
  2. Helped the USA and USSR form a stable relationship. One agreement was the sharing of scientific knowledge and so it coincided with more US-Soviet cooperation. For example, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975) - a joint space mission.
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10
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the Long and Novikov telegrams (1946).

A
  1. Relationships between the Eat and West worsened - Kennan’s Long Telegram (Feb 22 1946) contributed to US policy of containment. Stated that Stalin wanted to destroy communism
  2. Pushed Stalin to strengthen buffer zone - Novikov Telegram (Sep 27 1946) described how the USA no longer wanted to work together and wanted war. So Stalin strengthened buffer zone out of fear of attacks. Also led to Comecon where Stalin forced a division between East and West
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11
Q

Explain 2 consequences of ths Potsdam Conference (1945).

A
  1. Breakdown of trust: Truman was a hawk and adopted a ‘get tough’ policy toward Stalin. Truman announced that the USA had officially detonated the atomic bomb, which Stalin also didn’t like bc it meant the USA had such a huge military advantage. Set stage for Cold War to proceed.
  2. Showed the Grand Alliance could work together toward a common goal. For example, they all collectively agreed to split Germany into 4 zones run by Britain, France, the USA and the Soviet Union
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12
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the formation of NATO (1949).

A
  1. Led to Soviet Union focussing on strengthening its control over Eastern Europe (which led to formation of cominform). This is bc NATO showed that neither the US nor Western European governments were prepared to accept future Soviet aggression.
  2. Divided Europe into two spheres of influence: Western (capitalist) and Eastern (communist). This is bc NATO was a military alliance based around the principle of collective security and was directed against a possible military attack from the Soviet Union on Western Europe
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13
Q

Explain two consequences of the Yalta Conference (1945)

A
  1. Showed the Grand Alliance could work together toward a common goal. For example, they all collectively agreed to split Germany into 4 zones run by Britain, France, the USA and the Soviet Union
  2. Breakdown of trust - Churchill was made aware of a mass grave containing Polish officers killed by the Soviets
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14
Q

Explain 2 consequences of summit meetings between the USA and USSR from 1985 to 1989.

A
  1. Showed how they were working together to reduce tension. At the Geneva summit in 1985, Gorbachev and Reagan agreed to more meetings. Both the USA and USSR declared, in a joint statement, that ‘a nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought.’
  2. Led to the INF treaty. Although there were no formal agreements made at the Reykjavik summit in October 1986, it was clear that both Reagan and Gorbachev had in interest in cutting down the number of nuclear weapons they had. Therefore, diplomats continued with these discussions and came up with the INF treaty, signed in Washington. It stood for Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces and got rid of all 500-5500km nuclear missiles each power had.
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15
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the death of Stalin (1953).

A
  1. De-stalinisation - introduced by Khrushchev. Meant that the Soviet no longer saw itself as a dictatorship but instead a one-party state governed by the politburo with Khrushchev as the leader. In 1956, Khrushchev hinted in a speech that society control would relax as he used Desalinisation to revitalise areas Stalin had been oppressing for years by ending the role of large-scale forced labour in the economy
  2. Effect on Hungary - Hungarians hated the communist rule they were forced under by the dictatorial leadership of Raoski whose regime imprisoned 400,000 and caused 2000 deaths. After the Oct 1956 bread shortages, Hungarians began protesting and pulling down Stalin’s statues. This led to Khrushchev appointing Imre Nagy who was more liberal and wanted the following reforms for Hungary to lead the Warsaw pact and have UN protection from the Soviet Union
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16
Q

Explain two consequences of the refugee problem in Berlin.

A
  1. Led to the Berlin Wall being built - refugee problem meant that people were moving from East to live in West. Berlin Wall was a 155 km long concrete wall that acted as a barrier between East and West. It prevented people from moving into West Germany which solved the refugee problem. The refugee problem meant that the West side lacked resources because people who contributed to the society were leaving for better living conditions.
  2. Worsened relations - by 1958, approximately three million Germans had left the German Democratic Republic (east side) to go to the west side of Germany. This worsened US-Soviet relations because this created embarrassment for Khrushchev as it showed that people favoured capitalism over communist and, given the choice, would choose capitalism.
17
Q

Explain two consequences of the formation of West Germany (1949)

A
  1. Caused tension - angered Stalin because he was not consulted of the formation of West Germany. He thought it went against the agreements made at the Potsdam conference and he suspected the USA was aiming to permanently divide richer Western Germany from poorer Eastern Germany.
  2. Impacted relations - showed how Germany had been divided into two opposing camps. Stalin’s reaction to the formation of west Germany led to the establishment of East Germany in October 1949, this meant reunification (which is what the USA wanted) unlikely because the idea of having a united, capitalist Germany that it could trade with could not happened as Germany was divided
18
Q

Explain two consequences of the formation of Cominform and Comecon

A
  1. Got rid of any opposition. Because Cominform, set up in 1947, organised all the communist parties in Europe and arranged their leadership so Moscow could tell them what to do. This put Eastern Europe into one camp and tied it to the Soviet Union because it now had control over the other countries.
  2. Prevented countries accepting Marshall Plan assistance - Comecon administered its own Molotov Plan of financial aid for the Eastern bloc countries and built up trade links between the Comecon countries.
19
Q

Explain two consequences of the building of the Berlin Wall from 1961

A
  1. Solved refugee problem - meant that people were moving from East to live in West. Berlin Wall was a 155 km long concrete wall that acted as a barrier between East and West. It prevented people from moving into West Germany which solved the refugee problem. The refugee problem meant that the West side lacked resources because people who contributed to the society were leaving for better living conditions.
  2. Made war unlikely - wall suggested that Soviets were no longer interested in unifying Berlin under a communist rule, as Khrushchev had originally demanded in Nov 1958 because it created a divide between East and West. This meant that the number of military alerts in Berlin declined as war over Berlin became less likely. President Kennedy commented that a wall was better than a war.
20
Q

Explain two consequences of the 1948 Berlin Crisis

A
  1. Showed Truman to be generous, leading two Germans loving him - Truman decided to supply citizens of West Berlin by airlift instead of giving into Stalin. The USA began to fly in supplies to West Berlin in ‘Operation Vittles.’ By Spring 1949, 8000 tonnes a day were being flown in with a flight landing every 3 minutes.
  2. Showed the Grand Alliance had completely broken down - Stalin called off the blockade on 12 May 1949 when he realised the allies would not give in. The crisis demonstrated a complete breakdown of the war time alliance as the West realised that Stalin would not keep the promises made at Potsdam because he tried to force out the Western powers despite agreeing that Berlin would be split into 4 different zones of occupation.
21
Q

Explain two consequences of SALT 1 (1972)

A
  1. Slowed down the arms race - placed limits on the number of bombers, ICBMs and SLBMs each side could have. Meant that the superpowers agreed to limit the number of nuclear weapons they had by: no further production of strategic ballistic weapons and no increase in number of ICBMs.
  2. Reduced possibility of nuclear war by ensuring that neither side had a first strike capacity. This made the system of nuclear deterrence remain because the possibility of a response with nuclear weapons prevented the other side from acting aggressively. This was because SALT 1 set out limits to the number of warheads each superpower had and ensured neither side had a decisive advantage in strategic nuclear weapons.
22
Q

Explain two consequences of the Iron Curtain speech (1946).

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23
Q

Explain two consequences of the Vienna Conference, 1961

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24
Q

Explain two consequences of the summit meetings over Berlin from 1959-61.

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25
Q

Explain two consequences of the US-led boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics.

A
  1. Led to 1984 Olympic boycott. In 1984, the Soviet Union boycotted the Los Angeles Olympics on the basis that they were concerned over the safety of their athletes in what they considered a hostile and fiercely anticommunist environment. They were joined by 14 eastern bloc countries which created tension.
  2. Caused a political mess. The 1980 Olympic Boycott led by the US meant that the US, along with 60 other countries would not take part in the Olympics held in Moscow. This was done in retaliation of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and was supported by some. However, it served as an ultimate blow to Olympic dreams of athletes.