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Cell Bio > Quest 5 important terms > Flashcards

Quest 5 important terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of?

A

intermediate filament proteins

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2
Q

What is the diameter of intermediate filaments?

A

10-12 nm

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3
Q

What are the cytoplasmic members of the intermediate filament family?

A

keratin filaments (in epithelial cells), vimentin and vimentin-related filaments (connective tissue, muscle, and glial cells), neurofilaments (in nerve cells)

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4
Q

What are nuclear members of intermediate filament family?

A

nuclear lamins (in all animal cells)

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5
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

provide mechanical strength to cells and tissues

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6
Q

What forms the strong filament bundles?

A

monomers form alpha helices, alpha helices coil around each other, form antiparallel tetramers; lacks directionality overall (hydrophobic side chain buried in dimer to give a lot of strength)

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7
Q

How are filament bundles taken apart?

A

Unzipping alpha helices –> generate thick filaments which can have force distributed along them

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8
Q

What is plectin?

A

It crosslinks intermediate filaments and microtubules

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9
Q

How do two cell membranes interact?

A

Cadherin proteins (cream of the Oreo)

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10
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

specialized cell-cell junction usually formed between two epithelial cells, that serves to connect the ropelike keratin filaments of the adjoining cells, providing tensile strength

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11
Q

What is a hemidesmosome?

A

structure that anchors epithelial cells to the basal lamina beneath them

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12
Q

What happens to the microtubule cytoskeleton when the cell is going to divide?

A

disassemble, depolymerization; form the mitotic spindle

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13
Q

What happens to intermediate filaments during mitosis?

A

maintain; may be important to anchor and organize molecules important in cell identity

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14
Q

What happens to microfilaments (actin filaments) during mitosis?

A

disassemble; form contractile ring that is going to help that cell split into two

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15
Q

How can a mutation weaken the cytokeratin network? What can be the result (disease)?

A

Changes to a hydrophobic residue that needs to be buried in the center of basic dimer to give lot of strength (changed to charged residue); Epidermolysis Bullosa (blistering condition)

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16
Q

What does myosin do?

A

slides microfilaments

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17
Q

What is the diameter of microfilaments?

A

7-8 nm

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18
Q

What is the lamellipodium?

A

push cell forward

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19
Q

What is the filopodia?

A

antenna like, help cell explore environment

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20
Q

What is the microvilli?

A

membrane protrusions: increase the surface area for nutrient uptake

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21
Q

What is tight junction?

A

form continuous intercellular barrier between epithelial cells

22
Q

What is the subunit of actin microfilaments?

A

G-actin (second most abundant protein)

23
Q

At what end do the microfilaments assemble?

A

plus end (favored for assembly); subunits are asymmetric

24
Q

What does the drug phalloidin do?

A

binds and stabilizes filaments

25
Q

What does the drug cytochalasin do?

A

caps filament plus ends, preventing adding subunits there

26
Q

What does the drug latrunculin do?

A

binds actin monomers and prevents their polymerization

27
Q

What are the many roles of actin binding proteins?

A

adding proteins, severing, cross linking, capping plus end, side binding, myosin motor, bundling protein, keep monomers apart

28
Q

What do bundling proteins like alpha-actinin, fimbrin, and filamin do?

A

form bundles and cytoplasmic gels

29
Q

What does profilin do?

A

inhibits nucleation (adding) but promotes growth

30
Q

What does cofilin/ADF do?

A

promotes disassembly

31
Q

What do ARP2 and ARP3 do?

A

control of actin polymerization

32
Q

What are used to form filipodia?

A

microfilaments, bundling proteins, and formin

33
Q

Members of the Rho?

A

Ras Homologue Family of Small G proteinsm triggers formation of stress fibers ; Rac (assembled lamellipodia), Cdc42 (assembles bundles of microfilaments, filipodia)

34
Q

What is a neurite and how does it develop?

A

outgrowth of a nerve cell, might later become dendrite or axon; extend a growth cone, allows them to get to their target

35
Q

What does the injection of activated G-proteins do regarding microfilaments?

A

triggers assembly of specific microfilament architectures (related to Rho)

36
Q

What are the parts of the Heterotrimeric G-Protein Coupled Signaling complex?

A

Alpha - RhoA, Rac, Cdc42 would be central to process
Beta, gamma subunits

37
Q

How is microfilament assembly coordinated?

A

G protein signaling; nucleation promoting factor = WAVE (wiscott Aldrich syndrome protein family member)

38
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

migrate to find and destroy cancer cells

39
Q

What is CAR therapy?

A

chimeric antigen receptor; modifies a patient’s T cells to hope them search and destroy tumor cells

40
Q

What do myosins do?

A

generate force and movement, motors

41
Q

What is Myosin I associated with?

A

membranes

42
Q

What direction are most myosins directed towards?

A

plus end

43
Q

What does myosin II do?

A

forms bipolar bundles (microfilament bundles), involved in muscle contraction

44
Q

What are the steps of the myosin motor cycle?

A

attached, released, cocked, rebinding and power stroke, attached

45
Q

What are the three muscle types?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

46
Q

myofibril? associated with what?

A

long contractile fibres, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes; associated with skeletal muscle

47
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

basic contractile unit of muscle fiber

48
Q

What is a Z disc? What is the structure of between the Z discs?

A

allow force transfers between sarcomeres; thin actin filaments pushing on either side of z line, thick filaments lined up in middle

49
Q

What is Titin and its function?

A

keeps thick filaments centered in the sarcomere

50
Q
A

Cell Bio (1 decks)

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