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Elizabethan England GCSE Edexcel > Queen, government, and religion 1558-69:England in 1558 > Flashcards

Queen, government, and religion 1558-69:England in 1558 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Elizabeth’s government made up of

A

The Court, Privy Council, Justices of the Peace, Parliament, Lord Lieutenants

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2
Q

The Court

A

Made of noblemen acting as monarch’s advisors and friends. advised monarch and diplayed her wealth and power. Members of the court could also be members of the privy council

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3
Q

The Privy Council

A

members of nobility who helped govern. Monitored parliament, Justices of the Peace and oversaw law and order and security of nation.

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4
Q

Justices of the Peace

A

Large landowners, appointed by government, kept law and order locally and heard court cases

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5
Q

Parliament

A

advised Elizabeth’s government, made of house of lords and house of commons. House of Lords made of noblemen and bishops.
House of commons elected though very few people could vote.
Parliament passed laws and approved taxes.

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6
Q

Lord Lieutenants

A

noblemen, appointed by government, governed English counties and raised local militia (Force of ordinary people used in emergency)

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7
Q

Social Hierarchy in countryside
Least->most important
%of people in countryside

A

90% lived in countryside
Homeless and Vagrants, Landless and labouring poor, Tenant farmers, Yeomen farmers, Gentry, Nobility

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8
Q

Nobility

A

Major landowners; often Lords, Dukes, and Earls

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9
Q

Gentry

A

owned smaller estates

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10
Q

Yeomen farmers

A

owned a small amount of land

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11
Q

Tenant farmers

A

Rented land from yeomen farmers and gentry

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12
Q

Landless and labouring poor

A

people who did not own or rent land, had to work or labour to provide for themselves and family

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13
Q

Homeless and vagrants

A

moved from place to place looking for work

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14
Q

Social Hierarchy in towns
Least->most important
% in towns

A

10% lived in towns
unemployed, craftsmen, business owners, professionals, merchants.

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15
Q

Merchants

A

traders who were very wealthy

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16
Q

Professionals

A

lawyers, doctors, and clergymen

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17
Q

Business owners

A

highly skilled craftsmen, such as silversmiths, glovers, carpenters, or tailors

18
Q

craftsmen

A

skilled employees, including apprentices

19
Q

unskilled labourers and the unemployed

A

people who had no regular work and couldn’t provide for themselves and their families

20
Q

Obedience and care in society

A

Wherever you were in society you were expected to obey those above you and care for those below you especially in times of hardship. Households similar with the husband and father the head.

21
Q

problems facing Elizabeth when she became queen

A
  • Elizabeth was young (21) and lacked experience
  • government needed money
  • legitimacy was in doubt as pope refused to recognise mother’s marraige to Henry VIII
  • catholics refused to acknowledge Elizabeth’s right to rule
  • Elizabeth was protsetant, Mary her predecessor was catholic
  • Elizabeth was unmarried, unusual for queen to rule in her own right as traditions suggested women should follow men’s authority. Many disapproved of a queen regnant
  • To pass laws Elizabeth needed support from parliament
22
Q

Key issues facing Elizabeth 1558

A
  • Expected that Elizabeth would marry however this would reduce her power as the husband would govern the country
  • Elizabeth’s inexperience meant support and advice needed from privy council especially Sir William Cecil, her secretary of state
  • Elizabeth could issue royal proclamations and had prerogative powers enabling her to govern without parliament, however parliament was needed to pass laws as acts of parliament
23
Q

Problems of marraige

A
  • If Elizabeth married a protestant catholics would be angry
  • If Elizabeth married a catholic protestants would be angry
  • Could invlove England in exepensive wars, dangerous with the crown in £300,000 of debt
  • If Elizabeth died without an heir the throne would be vacant possibly causing a civil war
24
Q

Elizabeth’s character and strengths

A
  • Confident and charismatic enabling her to win over subjects and parliament
  • Resilient after spending time in the tower, accused of treason and in threat of being hanged. could cope with pressure
  • well educated- spoke latin, greek, french, and italian
  • excellent grasp of politics, understood interests and ambitions of subjects enabling her to use her powers of patronage well
  • Protestant with a country growing in protestantism amiing her throne and divine right stronger.
25
Q

How Elizabeth reinvented the role of Queen

A

She was able to use her strengths ot become a different type of monarch. liked to demonstrate she was no ordinary woman. argued she didn’t need to marry and could govern England on her own

26
Q

Elizabethan Propoganda

A

Throughout her reign Elizabeth portrayed herself as strong, legitimate, popular, and a ‘virgin Queen’, married only to England. Reflected in paintings depicting her as confident but feminine rightfully crowned.

27
Q

Charismatic leader

A

someone who posseses great personal appeal used to win people over

28
Q

legitimate ruler

A

Legally and morally entitled to rule

29
Q

Divine right

A

Idea that God alone appoints the monarch, meaning ot challenge them is to challenge God. Successful monarchs claimed divine providence (approval) of their actions, reinforcing legitimacy. unsuccessful monarchs faced charges of Godly disparoval finding their legitimacy undermined

30
Q

Protestants

A

Christians who no longer accept the authority of the pope nor the roman catholic church. During reformation (1517) protestants such as Martin Luther, seceded the Roman Catholic Church, resulting in religious wars in france and Germany

31
Q

Patronage

A

Monarch could use granting of lands, jobs, and titles to reward supporters. People could use it to become wealthy

32
Q

Financial weaknesses in 1558

A
  • The crown £300000 in debt with an annual income of £286667
  • Over £100000 owed to foreign lenders (Antwerp Exchange) with a high 14% interest rate
  • Mary Tudor sold off Crown lands to pay for wars with France so less made from rents
  • Elizabeth needed money to remain secure and reward supporters
  • Since 1540s Crown debased coinage reducing the silver and gold content to make more money fighting against France. Resulted in Inflation.
33
Q

Ways Monarchs could raise money

A
  • Rents and incomes from Crown lands
  • Taxes from trade (customs duties)
  • Special additional taxes, subsidies, needed approval from parliament
  • Profits of Justice (fines, property, or lands)
  • Loans (sometimes ‘Forced’ meaning cumpulsory and never repaid)
34
Q

What could Elizabeth do to solve her financial problems in 1558?

A
  • Raise taxes to boost the crown income: Could convene parliament and ask for subsidies but additional taxes could cause unrest.
  • Improve quality of money by increasing gold and silver content: 1560 Thomas Gresham financial advisor suggested this to William Cecil but crown slow to respond. ‘New’ coinage would be difficult to exchange for old coins.
35
Q

What Elizabeth did to solve her financial problems in 1558

A
  • Didn’t raise taxes but hoarded her income cutting household expenses in half
  • Like her predecessors she sold crown lands raising £120000
  • By 1574, Queen could claim crown was out of debt for the first time since 1558
36
Q

Effects of Elizabeth’s financial policies

A

Despite Elizabeth’s careful management of finance, limited reform. Parliamentary grants raised locally with landowners acting as Lord Lieutenants and Justices of the Peace pocketing some proceeds before sending it to the crown. Meant ordianry people faced heavier financial burden while wealthy benefitted.

37
Q

Challenges abroad 1558:
The French Threat

A

France wealthier than England and larger population. Elizabeth’s cousin Mary Queen of Scots married to heir of French throne. Mary had strong claim to English throne and English catholics might rally to her if France invaded.

38
Q

Challenges abroard 1558:
The Auld Alliance

A

France’s alliance with Scotland threatened England. Mary of Guise ruled Scotland on behalf of daughter Mary QoS, kept French troops there who could attack England. Relationship between France and Scotalnd strengthened by marraige of Francis to Mary QoS 1558. Francis became King Francis II of France 1559

39
Q

Challenges abroard 1558:
War was exepnsive

A

The crown was in debt and couldn’t afford a war with France, Scotland, or Spain, as this would deepen debts.

40
Q

Challenges abroard 1558:
France no longer at war with Spain

A

French military no longer stretched by war with Spain, making war with England more likely. Possibility France and Spain being catholic would unite against protestant Engalnd. Spain had troops in Netherlands very close to England

41
Q

Challenges abroard 1558:
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

A

Due to this Engalnd lost Calais to France. England’s last territory on the continent, pressure on Elizabeth to amintain it but a war with France would be too expensive and dangerous

42
Q

How Elizabeth dealt with challenges from abroard

A
  • Elizabeth avoided upsetting powerful countries
  • Sought to avoid war with France signing Peace of Troyes (1564) recognising Calais as French
  • Elizabeth dealt with Scottish threat by placing Mary QoS (fled Scotland 1568) in custody of England
  • By imprisoning Mary and making peace with France, Elizabeth only had one significant threat by 1569: Spain

Elizabethan England GCSE Edexcel (11 decks)

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