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History Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 > Queen, Government and Religion (1558-69) > Flashcards

Queen, Government and Religion (1558-69) Flashcards

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1
Q

The social hierarchy of Elizabethan England [6]:

A
  1. Nobility
  2. Gentry
  3. Yeomen
  4. Tenant farmers
  5. Landless/labouring poor
  6. Vagrants and homeless
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2
Q

The social hierarchy of towns [5]:

A
  1. Merchants
  2. Professionals
  3. Business owners
  4. Skilled craftsmen
  5. Unskilled workers and unemployed
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3
Q

Gentry [definition]:

A

Wealthy land owners

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4
Q

Yeomen [definition]:

A

Men who held a small amount of land or an estate

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5
Q

Tenant farmers [definition]:

A

Farmers who farmed and rented land which was usually owned by gentry or yeomen

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6
Q

Militia [definition]:

A

A military force of ordinary people rather than soldiers usually raised in emergencies

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7
Q

Divine right [definition]:

A

The belief that the monarch was chosen and put on the throne by God

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8
Q

Patronage [definition]:

A

To provide someone with an important job or position

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9
Q

Royal Perogative [definition]:

A

Areas in which only the monarch had the right to decide upon

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10
Q

Extraordinary Taxation [definition]:

A

Occasional, additional taxation to pay for unexpected expenses

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11
Q

Why was Elizabeth’s legitimacy questioned ? [2]:

A
  • Catholics refused to acknowledge Henry VIII’s annulment as the Pope didn’t agree to it
  • In Catholic eyes, Elizabeth was born out of wedlock and so iligetimate
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12
Q

Who were Elizabeth’s parents ? [2]:

A
  • Henry VII

- Anne Boleyn

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13
Q

Why was Elizabeth’s legitimacy an issue ? [2]:

A
  • Catholic Church was against her

- > Catholic allies and nobles may want to replace her

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14
Q

Elizabeth’s strengths [6]:

A
  • Highly intelligent and educated
  • Multilingual
  • understood court politics
  • confident and charismatic
  • Able to make great speeches to influence her subjects
  • Strong and ambitious advisors
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15
Q

What languages could Elizabeth speak ? [4]:

A
  • Latin
  • Greek
  • French
  • Italian
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16
Q

Elizabeth’s weaknesses [8]:

A
  • Privy council found her very frustrating
  • Had a temper
  • Indecisive
  • Legitimacy
  • Indecisive
  • Gender
  • No heir
  • Unmarried
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17
Q

Who was Elizabeth’s secretary of state?

A

Sir William Cecil

18
Q

How long Elizabeth’s secretary of state hold his position?

A

1558-1563

19
Q

What year was Elizabeth crowned?

A

1558

20
Q

Challenges to Elizabeth at home [5]:

A
  • Debt of £300,000
  • Mary had sold the crown lands
  • Religious divide
  • Disloyal (Catholic) Nobles
  • Low moral
21
Q

Challenges to Elizabeth overseas [4]:

A
  • Possible threat of French and Spanish alliance against England
  • Protestant vs Catholic church
  • England lost ownership of Calais in 1559
  • French and Scottish alliance (The Auld alliance)
22
Q

The English reformation [3]:

A
  • 1532
  • When Henry VIII created the Church of England
  • A challenge to the teachings and power of the RC catholic church
23
Q

Key features of the court [3]:

A
  • The court was a body of people who lived in the same palaces as the monarch
  • Attending the court required the monarch’s permission
  • Mostly made of members of the nobility, advisors, key servants and friends
24
Q

The Roles of the court [2]:

A
  • To entertain and advise the monarch

- Act as a public display of wealth and power

25
Q

Key features of the Privy council [4]:

A
  • Made up of leading courtiers and advisors
  • There were about 19 members of the council
  • They met at least 3 times a week
  • Meetings were often attended and presided by the monarch
26
Q

The Role of the Privy council [3]:

A
  • To debate current issues and advise the monarch
  • Made sure The Monarchs decisions were carried out
  • Oversaw law and order and the security of England
27
Q

Key features of the Parliament [3]:

A
  • Made up of the house of lords and the house of commons
  • Parliament could only be called and dismissed by the monarch
  • Elections were held before every new parliament
28
Q

Key features of the Lord Lieutenants [3]:

A
  • They were appointed by the monarch
  • They were members of the privy counsel
  • They were essential to maintaining the monarch
29
Q

The role of the privy council [3]:

A
  • They were in charge of raising and training the local militia and overseeing county defences
  • They oversaw the enforcement of policies
  • Part of the local government
30
Q

Key features of the Justice of the peace (JPs):

A
  • They were large landowners who kept law and order in their local areas
  • They were unpaid and reported to the privy council
  • It was a position of status/ a quite popular profession
31
Q

What was the role of the Justice of the peace [3]:

A
  • To make sure all social-economic policies were carried out
  • Heard county court cases every three months for serious crimes
  • Part of the local government
32
Q

What were decisions that monarchs could make in the Elizabethan era? [4]:

A
  • Declare war and make peace
  • Call and dismiss parliament
  • Reject any kaws proposed by parliament
  • Grant titles, money, land and jobs
33
Q

Patronage [definition]:

A

To provide someone with an important job or patronage

34
Q

Who was Elizabeth’s most important privy councillor?

A

Her secretary of state; Sir William Cecil

35
Q

Who was Sir William Cecil? [2]:

A
  • Elizabeth’s secretary of state from 1558-1573

- He was later raised to the nobility and became Lord Burghley

36
Q

What were some advantages of Elizabeth not having a husband? [2]:

A

+ Her potential husbands could fulfil the role of a military leader at war: which is an important part of a monarch’s role
+ Having children in the future will ensure England’s stability as there would be no ‘vacancy’ for the heir’s throne

37
Q

Disadvantages of Elizabeth being unmarried [2]:

A
  • Her legitimacy is questioned

- Her claim to the throne is not as strong

38
Q

Why was Elizabeth’s gender an issue? [2]:

A
  • The previous female monarch (bloody Mary)was generally disliked for her cruelty: This led to prejudice against Elizabeth
  • Women were not important in the social hierarchy as they were considered physically and mentally weaker
39
Q

What were the challenges at home Elizabeth had to face as a monarch? [3]:

A
  • The crown was £300,000 in debt due to the previous monarch’s attempt at war
  • The crown lands had to be sold off to help her debt
  • Special additional taxes known as subsidies had to be agreed on by parliament; this was an issue as taxes were unpopular
40
Q

The French threat of 1559 and Mary QOS as their new queen [4]:

A
  • France was wealthier and had a larger population than England
  • Her cousin Mary Queen of Scots reformed the Auld alliance with France and married King Francis II in 1559
  • This was a problem as Mary QOS had a legitimate claim to the English throne
  • Furthermore, she was a Catholic monarch, likely to be supported by the pope and her new Catholic-french allies
41
Q

Mary QOS and her claim to the English throne [2]:

A
  • When Mary I (Bloody Mary) died Mary QOS declared herself the legitimate Catholic claimant to the English throne
  • Mary QOS was the second grandaughter of Henry VII’s sister
42
Q

Scotland and England as traditional enemies [2]:

A
  • Scotland was an independent country and a traditional enemy of England
  • England’s border with Scotland was remote and hard to defend which meant that there was many fights and raids on each side

History Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 (3 decks)

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