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History - Elizabethan England - Topic 1 > Queen, Government and Religion > Flashcards

Queen, Government and Religion Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the importance of the cloth and wool trade?

A

woollen cloth was England’s main export

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2
Q

what was the role of the monarch?

A
  • make all the decisions but advised by nobles
  • led armies in war, but relied on nobles and gentry to provide soldiers
  • enforced the law and punished criminals but needed nobles and gentry to keep law and order in each community
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3
Q

what was the role of the Privy Council?

A
  • a group of powerful noblemen appointed by Elizabeth
  • they advised her but did not control her
  • small group of 19
  • daily meetings
  • most powerful part of the machinery of the government
  • advised on domestic and foreign issues e.g war, ambassadors, Religious Settlement
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4
Q

how did Elizabeth control the Privy Council?

A
  • only 19 members
  • appointed councillors with different viewpoints
  • used flattery
  • used rewards and threats to maintain control
  • discussed issues with non-members
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5
Q

who was the House of Lords made up of?

A

members of the nobility, bishops and clergy

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6
Q

who was the House of Commons made up of?

A

representatives of common people

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7
Q

what was the role of Parliament?

A
  • introduce new laws through an Act of Parliament
  • raise money, as Parliament’s consent was necessary for the collection of taxes
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8
Q

how did Elizabeth control Parliament?

A
  • they only met when Elizabeth called it and under her agenda
  • only discussed what Elizabeth allowed
  • used it to grant her taxes (her main source of income)
  • could close Parliament at any time
  • Privy Councillors were also in Parliament to help control proceedings
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9
Q

what was the financial issue of 1558?

A
  • the Crown was in debt of £300,000, with an annual income of £286,000
  • over £100,000 of the debt was owed to foreign moneylenders and high interest rates of 14%
  • Mary Tudor had sold off Crown lands to pay for wars with France, so income was falling
  • she needed money to remain secure on the throne and reward her supporters
  • the value of the currency fell
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10
Q

why was Elizabeth considered illegitimate?

A
  • she was born out of wedlock
  • her father divorced his previous wife but this was not accepted by Catholics
  • Catholics believed the divorce never happened and thinks she has no right to the throne
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11
Q

why was gender a problem for Elizabeth?

A
  • religious teaching taught that women were inferior to men and not capable of leading
  • women were expected to marry and obey their husbands (queens are meant to rule)
  • the previous queen was not too good so doubts arose about her reign
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12
Q

what characteristics did Elizabeth have?

A
  • charismatic
  • resilient
  • well educated
  • understood politics
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13
Q

how did she show charisma?

A
  • through confidence, allowing her to win over her subjects and support in parliament
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14
Q

how did she show resilience?

A
  • when she spent time in the tower for treason, she was able to cope with the pressures of being queen
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15
Q

how did she show she was educated?

A
  • she spoke Latin, Greek, French and Italian
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16
Q

how did she show she understood politics?

A
  • she understood her subjects and used patronage effectively
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17
Q

what was the importance of religion?

A
  • it was central to life
  • it guided people’s morals and behaviours
  • they believed it reduced purgatory
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18
Q

what were Catholic beliefs?

A
  • the pope is the head of the Church
  • Church is the intermediary between God and people
  • During Mass, bread and wine become Christ
  • 7 sacraments
  • priests are celibate
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19
Q

what were Catholic practices?

A
  • services are in Latin
  • priests wear vestments
  • Churches are highly decorated
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20
Q

where was Catholic support?

A
  • mainly in the north and west of England
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21
Q

what were Protestant beliefs?

A
  • there is no pope
  • only God can forgive sins and religion is personal
  • bread and wine only signify Christ
  • 2 sacraments
  • priests can marry
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21
Q

what were Protestant beliefs?

A
  • there is no pope
  • only God can forgive sins and religion is personal
22
Q

what were Protestant practices?

A
  • priests were simple vestments
  • services are in English
  • Churches should be plain and simple
23
Q

where was Protestant support?

A
  • mainly south-east England (London, Kent, East Anglia)
24
Q

who were Puritans?

A
  • extreme Protestants
  • same belief as Protestants
  • Churches should be whitewashed
  • they were found in London and East Anglia
25
Q

what is the historical religious context?

A
  • the north is Catholic
  • Reformation in caused divide
  • some Protestants became Puritans
26
Q

when was the Religious Settlement?

A
  • in 1559, a year after coming to the throne
27
Q

what were the aims of the settlement?

A
  • to be accepted by many people
  • ease tensions from religious divide
28
Q

what was the impact of the settlement?

A
  • 8000 out of 10,000 clergy accepted it
  • many Catholic bishops opposed the settlement and were replaced
  • the majority of ordinary people accepted it and attended Church services, while keeping Catholic beliefs
29
Q

what were the Royal Injuctions?

A
  • a set of instructions for clergy to follow:
    teach the Royal Supremacy
    report recusants
    hold a copy of the English Bible
    licence to preach
    vestments
30
Q

what was the Act of Supremacy?

A
  • England is officially Protestant
  • Supreme Governor
  • Bishops ran the Church
  • all clergy and royal officials swore oath to Elizabeth, if they refused three times they could be executed
31
Q

what was the Act of Uniformity?

A
  • Protestant Prayer Book, clergy took an oath in promise to use it
  • Church services and the Bible in English
  • bread and wine taken but the meaning was not defined
  • some ornaments and decorations were allowed in Church
  • priests wore vestments and could marry
  • fine for not attending Church but was not fully enforced
32
Q

what was the nature of the Puritan challenge? (crucifix)

A
  • Elizabeth kept a crucifix in the Church, part of Catholicism
  • Puritans opposed this and threatened to resign so she backed down as she could not replace them with Protestant clergy
33
Q

what was the nature of the Puritan challenge? (vestments)

A
  • Elizabeth wanted the clergy to wear special vestments (Ro Inj)
  • Puritans resented this and after the Book of Advertisements, 37 priests lost their jobs for not conforming
34
Q

what was the extent of the Puritan challenge?

A
  • they were a vocal group and open with their opinions
  • they were active in London but not so impactful in the north where the Catholics were
  • the government ignored most of their demands, suggesting their support was limited
35
Q

what was the Counter Reformation?

A
  • the attempt to reverse the Protestant Reformation
36
Q

what was the extent of the Catholic threat?

A
  • 1/3 of the nobility and gentry were recusants
  • Catholic nobility prospered under Mary Tudor so they resented the loss of their influence and the growth of others (William Cecil)
  • nobility in the north were influential and had always enjoyed freedom of action (in a good position for a rebellion)
  • the pope gave them instructions, giving them a powerful religious reason to rebel
37
Q

what was Mary Queen of Scots’ claim to the throne?

A
  • she was the great-granddaughter of Henry VIII
  • catholic
  • cousin of Elizabeth
  • descended from Mary Tudor
38
Q

why was Mary important?

A
  • she was Catholic, meaning people were prepared to support her
  • no concerns about her legitimacy
  • this meant Mary would be at the centre of plots and conspiracies against Elizabeth
39
Q

why did MQS escape Scotland?

A
  • there were suspicions that she helped to kill Darnley
  • Scottish lords rebelled against her and imprisoned her and made her give up her throne
  • she looked to Elizabeth for help
40
Q

what would happen if Elizabeth helped Mary regain her throne?

A
  • anger Scottish nobility
  • Elizabeth would have a Catholic monarch on her northern border
  • Auld Alliance could be revived
41
Q

what would happen if Elizabeth handed Mary over to the Scottish lords?

A
  • with permission, she could be executed
  • France and Spain could come to together and create a war
42
Q

what would happen if Elizabeth allowed Mary to go abroad?

A
  • she could return to France
  • provoke a French plot to remove Liz from the throne and be replaced by Mary
43
Q

what would happen if Elizabeth kept Mary in England?

A
  • Catholic plotters could try to overthrow Liz and replace her with Mary
44
Q

why didn’t Elizabeth make Mary her heir?

A
  • upsets Protestants and those in her Council
  • without the council, Elizabeth would have few supporters
45
Q

what did Elizabeth do for the finance issue in 1558?

A
  • hoarded her income and cut her household expenses
  • sold Crown lands raising £120,000
46
Q

what was the French threat?

A
  • they had more wealth and more people
  • MQS had strong ties to them
47
Q

what was the Auld Alliance threat?

A
  • French alliance with Scotland threated ENG
48
Q

what was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

A
  • ENG lost Calais which was ENG’s last remaining territory on the continent
  • lots of pressure for Liz to regain it but she didn’t want to risk a war ($$ and danger)
49
Q

how did Elizabeth deal with challenges from abroad?

A
  • imprisoned MQS and made peace with France
  • signed French peace treaty
50
Q

what key issues did Elizabeth face in 1558?

A
  • expectance to marry but this would reduce her power
  • she was inexperienced and needed support of her Privy Council
  • could govern without Parliament consent but laws were passed through them
51
Q

what did Catholics think of the settlement?

A
  • not too happy
  • they enjoyed religious freedom before but now had to change or deny their beliefs
  • some grudgingly accepted the new regime
52
Q

what was the role of the Church of England?

A

• provided guidance for communities
• responsible for Church courts
• enforced the Religious Settlement
• legitimised Elizabeth’s rule
• preached the government’s message

History - Elizabethan England - Topic 1 (1 decks)

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