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AP Environmental Science > Quarter 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Quarter 3 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Age Structure Diagram

A

A visual representation that shows the age & gender distribution within a population

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2
Q

Birth rate

A

% of live births out of the population. Calculated by multiplying 100

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3
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The max population size that environment can support given its available resources & conditions

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4
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year

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5
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year

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6
Q

Demographic transition model

A

A theory that describes the historical shift of populations from high birth & death rates to low birth & death rates as they undergo economic & social development

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7
Q

Demography

A

The scientific study of human populations, including their size, composition, distribution and dynamics

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8
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

Environmental factors that influence population dynamics & become more significant as population density increases, such as competition for resources and disease

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9
Q

Density-independent factors

A

Environmental factors that affect population dynamics regardless of population density, such as natural disasters or climate events

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10
Q

Doubling time

A

The time it takes for a population to double in size, often calculated using the rule of 70 or the rule of 72

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11
Q

Emigration

A

Individuals leaving one area / country to settle in another

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12
Q

Exponential growth

A

Pattern of growth where a population increases at a constant rate over time, resulting in a J-shaped curve on a graph

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13
Q

Family planning

A

The effort to regulate the number and spacing of births through the use of contraception or other methods

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14
Q

Growth rate

A

The percentage change in the size of a population over a specific period, taking into account births, deaths, immigration & emigration

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15
Q

Immigration

A

Individuals entering a new area / country to settle

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16
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year

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17
Q

IPAT model

A

A formula (Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology) used to express the environmental impact of human activity, taking into account population size, affluence & technology

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18
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

The fertility rate at which a population replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically considered to be around 2.1 children per woman

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19
Q

Survivorship curve

A

A graphical representation showing the proportion of individuals in a population that survive to different ages

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20
Q

Type I

A

A survivorship curve where the majority of individuals survive to old age, characteristic of species that provide extensive parental care

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21
Q

Type II

A

A survivorship curve where the probability of survival is relatively constant throughout the lifespan, characteristic of species with a fairly constant mortality rate

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22
Q

Type III

A

A survivorship curve where a high proportion of individuals die early in life, characteristic of species that produce numerous offspring with minimal parental care

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23
Q

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

A

Average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years given the prevailing birth rates

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24
Q

Brownfield

A

A previously industrialized area that may be abandoned, often requiring environmental fixing before redevelopment

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25
Q

Green Belt

A

An area of open land around a city, often with restrictions on development to preserve natural habitats

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26
Q

Microclimate

A

The specific climate conditions in a small, localized area that may differ from the surrounding region due to factors like elevation, vegetation or proximity to bodies of water

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27
Q

Urban Forestry

A

The management of trees & green spaces in urban areas to enhance environmental quality

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28
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The unplanned rapid expansion of urban areas into undeveloped land

29
Q

Multiple Use Land

A

Land that’s designated for various purposes like recreation, forestry & agriculture to balance different resource needs

30
Q

Forestry

A

The practice of cultivating, managing and harvesting trees for various purposes

31
Q

Clear-cutting

A

A forestry practice involving the complete removal of all trees in a specific area

32
Q

Even-aged Stands

A

A forest stand composed of trees of similar age, resulting from practiced like clear-cutting or tree plantation

33
Q

Old Growth Forests

A

A mature forest characterized by its untouched, undisturbed state, often with a diverse ecosystem

34
Q

Second Growth Forests

A

Forests that have regrown after being disturbed or harvested, typically composed of younger trees

35
Q

Uneven-Aged Stands

A

A forest stand with trees of different ages, reflecting a more natural and diverse composition

36
Q

Agriculture

A

The practice of cultivating soil, producing crops and raising livestock for food, fiber and other products

37
Q

Biological Control

A

The use of natural predators, parasites or pathogens to control pests and manage crop or livestock health

38
Q

Broad Spectrum Pesticide

A

A pesticide that targets a wide range of pests, including both harmful & beneficial organisms

39
Q

Cash Crop

A

A crop grown for sale and profit rather than for personal consumption

40
Q

Composting

A

The process of decomposing organic materials to create nutrient rich compost for soil improvement

41
Q

Contour Farming (Plowing)

A

A farming technique that follows the natural contours of the land to reduce soil erosion

42
Q

Controlled Burning

A

To deliberate, supervised use of fire in agriculture or forestry to manage ecosystems, reduce wildfire risks or promote plant growth

43
Q

Desertification

A

Process by which fertile land becomes increasingly arid & unproductive, often due to human activities, climate change or improper land management

44
Q

Fallow

A

Leaving land uncultivated for a period to allow soil fertility to recover

45
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

The manipulation of an organism’s generic material to achieve desired traits, often in agriculture to enhance crop characteristics

46
Q

Green Revolution

A

The widespread adoption of new agricultural technologies, including improved crop varieties and irrigation, to increase food production and alleviate hunger

47
Q

Ground Subsidence

A

The sinking of the Earth’s surface due to the extraction of groundwater / other underground resources

48
Q

Herbicide

A

A substance used to kill unwanted plants

49
Q

Hydroponics

A

A method of growing plants without soil

50
Q

Industrialized Agriculture

A

Large scale farming operations that used advanced technology to maximize production

51
Q

Inorganic Fertilizer

A

Fertilizer derived from minerals / synthetic chemicals, providing essential nutrients to plants

52
Q

Insecticide

A

A substance used to kill insects

53
Q

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A

An approach to pest control that combines various methods, emphasizing prevention, biological control and minimal chemical use

54
Q

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

A

The highest level of resource extraction that can be maintained without depleting the resource’s ability to regenerate

55
Q

Monoculture

A

The cultivation of a single crop over a large area, often associated with increased vulnerability to pests & disease

56
Q

Narrow Spectrum Pesticide

A

A pesticide designed to target a specific group of pests

57
Q

No-Till Agriculture

A

A farming technique that avoids plowing & minimizes soil disturbance to reduce erosion & improve soil health

58
Q

Organic Farming

A

Farming practiced that avoid synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, emphasizing natural methods and environmental sustainability

59
Q

Organic Fertilizer

A

Fertilizer derived from natural sources, such as compost or manure

60
Q

Pesticide

A

Substance used go kill pests

61
Q

Pesticide Treadmill

A

Cycle of increasing pesticide use as pests develop resistance, leading to the need for stronger & more frequent applications

62
Q

Ruminant

A

An animal that has a special stomach for digesting fibrous plant material

63
Q

Seed Bank

A

A collection of seeds stored for preservation, research or future use

64
Q

Shelterbelts

A

Rows of trees or shrubs planted to protect crops or soil from wind and erosion

65
Q

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

A

A traditional farming method involving the cutting & burning of vegetation to clear land for cultivation

66
Q

Sustainable Agriculture

A

Farming practiced that aim to meet current needs while preserving resources for future generations

67
Q

Synergistic Effect

A

The combined effect of two or more factors that is greater than the sum of their individual effects

68
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

Farming primarily for personal or local community consumption rather than commercial purposes

AP Environmental Science (13 decks)

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