Quarter 2 Quiz 2 Redo Flashcards

Question

Lithification process

Answer 1

Sedimentary rocks are produced through lithification Loose sediments are transformed into solid rock lithification process Lithification process Compaction - reduction in pore space Cementation by calcite, silica, iron oxide

Answer 2

Ice, water, and wind can all transport particles of various sizes to another location Abrasion and rounding Sorting – arrangement by size Sediment is transported in 3 ways In solution In suspension Bedload dragging, rolling or hopping along the bottom How it is transported depends on size, lighter stuff can be suspended in solution, heavier stuff rolls or hops along the bottom

Answer 3

Sediment is transported from its sources eventually coming to rest in: Continental - rivers, lakes, swamps Transitional - beach, lagoon, estuaries Marine - continental shelf, slope, deep sea

Answer 4

The Pacific Plate moves northwest

Answer 5

The same amount of heat/pressure will produce different rocks from different parent rocks Ex. sandstone -> quartzite Ex. limestone -> marble The same parent rock can form different metamorphic rocks at different grade

Answer 6

Sedimentary rocks form in layers called strata, where you can look into the past, rock layers nearer to the bottom are older

Answer 7

Crust and uppermost (solid) part of the mantle

Answer 8

A Crust, mantle, and core are divided based on composition Lithosphere, asthenosphere, stiffer mantle, inner core, outer core, are divided based on mechanical properties - parts of the mantle are in the lithosphere, asthenosphere, and stiffer mantle

Answer 9

A Sedimentary rocks form in layers called strata, where you can look into the past, rock layers nearer to the bottom are older

Answer 10

A Detrital (clastic) sedimentary rocks Clastic texture, classified by size and shape Chemical and Biological (organic) sedimentary rocks Consist of ions and compounds released by chemical weathering and precipitated by chemical reactions or by the metabolism of organisms Clastic are formed from accumulation and lithification of mechanical weathering debris Chemical are formed when dissolved materials precipitate from the solution Organic are formed when plant or animal debris accumulate

Answer 11

A Clues to past environments Provide information about sediment transport Rocks often contain fossils, fossils are helpful in determining ancient environments, connections with biology Important economically - coal, petroleum and natural gas, sources of iron and aluminum (fossil fuels are trapped in sedimentary rock)

Answer 12

A Agents of erosion include - gravity (events like landslides and rockfalls), running water, wind, or moving ice. Running water is the most important agent of erosion

Answer 13

A describes many processes which work together to lower the surface of the Earth. In the formation of sedimentary rocks, erosion begins the transportation process of moving the broken down material from their original location.

Answer 14

A Change due to heat and/or pressure Can be changes in Mineralogy - new minerals such as garnets and mica form Texture - recrystallization Chemical composition No melting - if the rock melts and re-cools (solidifies) then it is igneous new minerals can be formed by the rearrangement of mineral components or by reactions with surrounded material (like fluids that enter the rock)

Answer 15

A protolith

Answer 16

A heat and pressure

Answer 17

A Contact - adjacent to an intrusion (touched magma or lava, new minerals or recrystallization, changed in some significant/noticeable way) no foliation develops Occurs in rock immediately adjacent to (touching) igneous intrusives (magma)] Associated with volcanic areas Can occur together with regional metamorphism

Answer 18

A Regional - in mountain belts - much more extensive Folation (alignment of mineral grains) is developed Regional metamorphic rocks are more common Foliation can be wave, get deformed because of stress Depth of burial influences texture, less to most metamorphized: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss As rocks go deeper, they are more foliated (rocks at greater depth are more foliated than rocks above them)

Answer 19

A Happens sometimes with regional metamorphism Folation (alignment of mineral grains) is developed Foliation can be wave, get deformed because of stress As rocks go deeper, they are more foliated (rocks at greater depth are more foliated than rocks above them)

Answer 20

A Increasing intensity of metamorphism (heat + pressure) creates increased foliation We say this is “higher grade” metamorphism The same parent rock can form different metamorphic rocks at different grades LOOK AT PIC ON DOC

Answer 21

A Whatever the extrusive form of basalt is

Answer 22

A Vast majority of earthquakes and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries, some occur at hot spots/mantle plumes

Answer 23

A Crust is youngest at the plate boundary, and is older the further away from the plate boundary you are. Older crust is denser than younger crust

Answer 24

A Continental Crust has a low density and is much more difficult to subduct. Result is often large mountain chains

Answer 25

A convergent, divergent, transform

Answer 26

A Earth’s surface is broken into about 15 crustal plates, made of the lithosphere, which have been slowly moving and shifting side about 3.4 billion years ago

Answer 27

A People didn’ believe him, seemed outlandish, we can see: Continents don’t move!!!!! No proposed mechanism for plate motion: even if they did move, what could move them Limited understanding of Earth’s layers. The deepest hole ever dug is 7.6 miles (to this day). Novel ways of understanding earth’s layers were needed (radius of earth = 3,958 mi)

Answer 28

A Chunks of lithosphere floating on a sticky, plastic, asthenosphere

Answer 29

A In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed that all the continents were once together in one supercontinent called pangea that then drifted apart. This was called the Theory of Continental Drift.

Answer 30

A fossil, paleoclimatic, geological

Answer 31

A Wegener proposed a mechanism for drift: Continents plowed through solid ocean floor, tidal forces drove the motion, Tidal forces are known to be too weak to move continents, hypothesis was largely rejected due to an inadequate mechanism of continental movement.