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Physics for Future Leaders > Quarter 2 > Flashcards

Quarter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

visible light peaks in intensity provided by the sun
the earth then absorbs and re-emits it as infrared
the atmosphere is transparent to visible light but not transparent to infrared
- when re-emitted it becomes trapped by the atmosphere

Earth is 30 F hotter due to greenhouse effect

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2
Q

Gasses in Atmosphere

A

Polar Contributors
methane CH4 (lo)
carbon dioxide CO2
water vapor H20 (hi)

Non-Polar non-contributor
N2
O2

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3
Q

GG- H2O

A

negligible amount of water we put in the atmosphere

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4
Q

GG- CH4

A

leakage of methane w/ natural gas wells and cows

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5
Q

GG- CO2

A

big concern 0.04% has increased 30ppm since 2010
CO2 + H2O < —-> O2+carbohydrate
in equilibrium due to plants and animals
digging up coal disrupts

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6
Q

Keeling Curve

A

Mauna Loa-1958
30% increase in 65 years
fluctuates throughout the ear due to oscillation in vegetation absorbing and spitting out CO2- most plant life in N hemisphere sucks in summer and spits out winter

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7
Q

Historical View of CO2

A

gas measured in ice samples, constant until 1800’s ->industrial revolution
weather ≠ climate

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8
Q

Kyoto Agreement/Protocol

A

“developed” countries singed so unsure if effective

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9
Q

US Greenhouse Gas

A

CO2 Emission have decreased
1. Energy efficiency - insulation or efficient appliances (removes waste heat)
2. Biofuel v. Fossil fuels- new decay v. old decay
3. Renewable Energy- hydroelectric, wind, solar, nuclear

solar- might be up next

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10
Q

Geoengineering

A
  1. climate & weather are very controversial
    butterfly effect- hard to predict what output could get
  2. who has the authority to do this because actions impact the planet
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11
Q

mass number

A

mass # = #protons+#neutrons

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12
Q

isotope notation

A

hydrogen-2

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13
Q

isotope

A

H2O, D2O, or Tritium
U-235

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14
Q

Uranium isotopes

A

U-235 0.72%
U-238 99.2%

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15
Q

α - alpha

A

2 proton + 2 neutrons (a He nucleus shoots out), atomic number decreases by 2 (particle)

blocked by layers of skin cells
harmful through ingestion only
can’t really get through air

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16
Q

β - beta

A

e- is shot out: atomic number increases by 1

inch of plastic/wood is enough
layer of clothing
can travel a couple of yards

17
Q

γ - gamma

A

high energy photon or electromagnetic wave: atom stays the same

18
Q

radon-222

A

most radioactive that you can breath in naturally occurring
heavier than air so settles in basements
2nd leading cause of lung cancer
Radon 86 ->Polonium 84 alpha decay

19
Q

strontium-90

A

resulting from atomic bombs mimics calcium
baby teeth, 1960s JFK banned above ground testing

20
Q

Iodine-131

A

results from reactor
concentrates in thyroid, iodine tablets to get rid of
can destroy thyroid instead of removal

21
Q

Cesium-137

A

results from reactor, mimics potassium and deposits in soft tissue

22
Q

Uranium

A

heaviest element found naturally

23
Q

Am-241

A

smoke detectors
gives low energy gamma ray, not very penetrative

24
Q

Technetium-99

A

kidneys/ glows and secreted until it gets to bladder, doesn’t deposit, kidney function medical usage

25
Q

Cobalt-60

A

radiate on food to kill all bacteria, also harms cell division and inhibits potato sprouts

26
Q

C-14 carbon dating

A

all living things have C-14 in them, at death no more is taken in so it can be dated

27
Q

solar power space proes

A

venus, mars, earth

28
Q

radio isotope thermoelectric generator (RTG)

A

jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune, pluto

29
Q

Plutonium-238

A

Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini
heat is converted into electricity

30
Q

Nuclear Terrorism

A

unlikely because dangerous and not powerful

31
Q

Nuclear Fission

A

reactors and bombs
starting to develop at same time war breaking out

curve of binding energy- mass converts to energy

nuclear chain reaction - Leo Szilard

reactors can be built with U-238, U-238 doesn’t chain fission

32
Q

Moderators

A

scatter neutrons to fission more effectively by slowing down neutrons (deuterium/heavy water, carbon/graphite form)

33
Q

First Nuclear Reactor

A

U Chicago

34
Q

Control Rods

A

absorbs neutrons (Cadmium) need 1neutron for every neutron in for a controlled reaction

35
Q

First atomic bomb

A

had to enrich uranium by increasing percent of U-235 to 95%
Oakridge TN
centrifuging-today’s method
electromagnetic race track- so you’re left with U-235
gaseous diffusion

Physics for Future Leaders (2 decks)

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