Quarter 1 Final Flashcards
what general atom has the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons and a different mass
isotope
german for “building up”. electrons have to fill orbitals of lowest energy first
aufbau principle
electrons occupy each orbital before pairing occurs
hund’s rule
each orbital can only hold two electrons and have opposite spins
pauli exclusion principle
the is 1s orbital, it holds…
2 electrons
there are 3p orbitals, they hold…
6 electrons
there are 5d orbitals, they hold…
10 electrons
there are 7f orbitals, they hold…
14 electrons
the cloud that is fuzzy and has no set boundaries is the…
electron cloud
when electrons move closer to the nucleus, they release energy in…
light
when an electron is in a state of lowest possible energy, it is in the…
ground state
when an electron has gained energy, it in in the…
anywhere it has higher energy than the ground state
excited state
to move to ground state, electrons have to release _______, in the form of light
energy
the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another…
quantum
the ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nucleus of an atom
electron configuration
make sure to know electron diagram
*
what is…
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
electron configuration
1s2=
1=energy level, s=orbital, 2=electrons
to calculate energy levels, you use the formula…
2n2 (2 n squared) (n=energy level)
1) find an element on the periodic table
2) go back to the last noble gas that was passed
3) write symbol of noble gas in brackets
4) continue the electron configuration using the row after noble gas. ex. [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1
shorthand electron configuration/noble gas cofiguration
the p orbital has the shape of a…
dumbbell
the s orbital is shaped like a…
sphere
the d orbitals has the shape of a…
clover
the f orbital has the shape of a…
too complex to write down
regions in an atom where electrons are likely to be found
orbitals
electron cloud, energy levels, orbitals that electrons are placed in
orbitals
correspond to specific energy levels
orbitals
amount of matter in an object
mass
the measure of space occupied by an object
volume
used with 5 senses; made without changing the substances composition (color; texture; shape; size; smell; taste; what state its in; melting point; boiling point; density)
physical properties
the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical change (abilty to rust; flammability; doesn’t react)
chemical properties
has a definite shape and volume. the particles vibrate and are tightly packed. (crystalline and amorphus)
solid
no definite shape, but has a definite volume. the particles are close together, but not as close as soids–however, they can flow and slide past each other
liquid
has no definite shape (takes shape of container) has no definite volume. the partices are NOT tightly packed (they can bounce off of each other) and can move freely
gas
a change that does not affect the composition of the substance ex. change of state; bending; squishing
physical change
change that does affect the chemial composition or makes a new substance ex. burning; rusting
chemical change
color change; odor; bubble or fizz-formation of a gas; production of sound; formation of precipitate; producing heat; absorbing heat; release of energy as light
evidence of a chemical change
a physical blend of two or more components
mixture
the composition is uniform throughout (solution) ex. salt water; air; sugar water; bronze; 10k gold
homogenous mixture
the composition is not uniform throughout. ex. salad; cake; organge juice (pulp); granite; blood
heterogenous mixture
filtration; magnetism; evaporaton; distillation
seperation of mixtures
substance that contains 2 or more elements that are chemically combined ex. water; sugar; chemical formula
compound
the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
chemistry
takes up space; mostly everything
matter
light
not matter
called the “central science”
chemistry
study of all chemicals containing carbon
organic chemistry
chemicals that do not contain carbon
inorganic chemistry
study of processes in living organisms
biochemistry
study of composition of matter (measuring/observing)
analytical chemistry
study of mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
physical chemistry
