Quarter 1 Exam Flashcards
Frederick the wise
Frederick the wise: protector of Martin Luther, elector of saxony. Hid Martin Luther after the diet of worms. Born in the late 15th century, died in the early 16th.
Martin Luther
First man to effectively reform Catholicism and create a new religion, the first Protestant religion called Lutheranism after him. Depended on the German princes to spread his religion. Died in 1546, 10 years before the peace of Augsburg. Friend of Jean Calvin.
95 thesis
Written by Martin Luther, these criticized the Catholic church’s ideas on pardons. Were translated in many different languages and printed throughout Europe.
Diet of worms
Occurred in 1521, this was a council called by Charles quint, holy roman emperor. His goal was to ridicule Martin Luther, but instead he provided an opportunity for Luther to gain support. It backfired, and Luther was forced into hiding immediately after,
Peasant wars of 1525
Occurred 4 years after the diet of worms, was a revolution on behalf of the peasants throughout Germany against the German princes due to famine and serfdom. Luther took the part of the princes against the peasants, as he needed their support.
Peace of Augsburg
1555, signaled Charles V’s resignation as it legalized Protestantism. Gave German princes the right to decide their state’s religion.
Charles V
Son of Jeanne la folle and Philip le beau, Brandon’s of Isabelle of Castile and Ferdinand or Aragon, first man to rule over unified Spain. (Ruled over Spain and Germany. The former he left to his son, Phillip, and the latter he gave to his brother). He abdicated in 1558 after the peace of Augsburg. Extremely Catholic.
Zwingli
Zwingli was a reformed Lutheranism that occurred in Sweden I. The early 1500s. Very strict; it did not allow paintings, art, music, dancing, etc. In 1531, the council of Maghreb was held between Lutherans and Zwingli. They tried to reconcile their differences to ally against the Swedish Catholics, but this alliance failed as they could not agree on how literally Jesus was present in the bread and wine.
Anabaptists
Occurred in Sweden in early 1500s. Mostly radical peasants who believe the state should have nothing to do with religion.
Believed the end of the world was coming. Had adult baptism.
Act of supremacy
Established by Henry VIII of England that made him sole head of the church.
Paul III
Corrupt pope who called for the council of Trent which met years later, and called for an inquisition about why the church was failing. Died 1550.
Council of Trent
Council called by pope Paul III that first met in 1545. Was not very effective, but managed to reaffirm Catholic beliefs.
Pacification of Ghent
Union of aaras: Southern Netherlands accepted Phillip II as king. Union of utretch: northern Netherlands continued to rebel unified under William of Orange. 1579.
Portulani
Early Maps that helped the early explorers
Viceroy
Popular during the early exploration period, viceroys ran the state/country in the name of their king and queen
Price revolution
Inflation in Spain in the late 1500s due to extra buillion
Ferdinand of Styria
King of Bohemia, Ferdinand II was elected king until his nobles realized he would try to convert them to Catholicism, at which point Protestant King Frederick V of Plantine stepped in.
Four phases of the thirty year war
- 1618-1623: Ferdinand II of bohemia was challenged by Frederick. Protestant Sweden allied with Frederick, Spain allied with Frederick (Catholic). Ferdinand won.
- 1623-30: Danish king Charles IV entered to help the Protestants (Frederick) and take land. Ended when Wallenstien stepped in with his army and defeated Christian. (Ferdinand/Catholic won). Edict of restitution in 1629 restored land to Catholics.
- 1630-1635: Adophus Gustavus, Swedish King, steps in to help Frederick/Protestants. Is beaten by Wallenstien, who is murdered by Ferdinand
- 1638-1648: France and Sweden switch roles; Sweden supports Catholics, France supports Protestants
Peace of Westphalia
1648, ended the thirty years war by legalizing Protestantism
Frederick William the great elector
Born in 1640. Built the Prussian army and made it possible for his son to become king of a u I fixed Prussia (father of Frederick I and grandfather of Frederick II)
Leopoldo I
King of Hungary and Bavaria. Rival of Louis XIV for the Spanish throne
Mannerism
Ended the Renaissance, allowed for interpretation. Imperfect. Reubens, Michaelangelo.
Baroque
1600-1750. Show off, meant to show a leader’s power. Extravagance, irregular. Displayed Counter reformation, lights were lighter and darks were darker (dramatic). Bernini, Carravagio.
The glorious revolution
James V’s son (Charles I) was Anglican, as was his eldest son (Charles II), but his second son (James II), was Catholic. James had his eldest daughters raised Anglican, and his eldest daughter took his throne along with her husband William of Orange in 1688.
