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SS > QUARTER 1 > Flashcards

QUARTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

“Solidarity of Society”

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2
Q

“Solidarity of Society”

A

talks about what holds a society together and what ties an individual to the society

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3
Q

two types of solidarity

A

mechanical and organic

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4
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

The social integration of members of a society who have common beliefs and values

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5
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

The social integration that arises out of the need of individuals for one another’s services.

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6
Q

anomie

A

a social condition that occurs when a society’s previously common norms and values disappear or disintegrate.This typically causes people to lack belonging and that they are disconnected from their society.

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7
Q

Society

A

large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

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8
Q

composition of society

A

1.the population
2.social groups and organizations
3. social institutions
4. social systems
5. The natural and technological environment

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9
Q

population

A

The people living in society that can be categorized into different perspectives

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10
Q

social groups and organizations

A

The persons living in a society may be classified into different social groupings

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11
Q

social institutions

A

The enduring organizations that exert a strong influence on individuals on how they conduct themselves in a society.

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12
Q

social systems

A

The networks of social groups, organizations and institutions that characterize society in the large scale, such as economic, political and cultural systems

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13
Q

The natural and technological environment

A

The natural resources available in each territory and the technological resources available for the use of society

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14
Q

culture

A

totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. can be material or non-material

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15
Q

Language

A

major element of culture.

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16
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

language precedes thoughts because people can conceptualize the world only through language.

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17
Q

norms

A

established standards of behavior maintained by society

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18
Q

types of norms

A

formal and informal

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19
Q

formal norms

A

law: government social control

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20
Q

informal norms

A

mores: norms that embody the values and morality of society.
folkways:norms governing everyday behaviour

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21
Q

Sanctions

A

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning society; can be positive or negative.

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22
Q

Harlow Attachment Theory

A

demonstrated the importance of social contact with the mother and peers for the proper social development of infant monkeys

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23
Q

The Importance of Socialization

A

Learn a Language.
Learn about the territory of the culture.
Enter a Network of Social Relationships.
Learn technological skills needed for culture.
Learn norms and culture.
Learn goals and ambitions of a culture.
It is a key part of individual development

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24
Q

agents of socialization

A

family.
school,peer group,
church.
mass media.
work place

25
Q

Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud

A

a theory that explain human behavior in terms of the interaction of various components of personality

id,superego,ego

26
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

concept by C. Wright Mills, that talks about the awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.

27
Q

Psychoanalysis reveals…

A

understanding dreams

repression brought about by traumatic experiences

defense mechanisms

28
Q

Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget:

A

an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding your thought processes.

29
Q

Moral Development Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg

A

a theory that focuses on how people develop morality and moral reasoning

30
Q

levels of moral development theory

A

Pre- Conventional

Conventional

Post-conventional

31
Q

Pre- Conventional

A

Right and wrong determined by rewards and punishment

32
Q

Conventional

A

Views of others matter: Avoidance of blame; seeking approval

33
Q

Post-conventional

A

Abstract notions of justice. Rights of others can override obedience to laws/rules

34
Q

Psychosocial Development Theory by Erik Erikson

A

states that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood.

35
Q

Stages of Psychosocial Development

A
  1. Infancy
  2. Toddler
  3. Preschool Years
  4. Middle School Years
  5. Teen Years
  6. Young Adult Years
  7. Middle Age
  8. Older Adulthood
36
Q
  1. Infancy (from birth to 18 mo.s):
A

: Trust Vs. Mistrust. If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

37
Q
  1. Toddler (from 18 mo.s to 3 yrs.):
A

Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt. Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

38
Q
  1. Preschool Years (from 3-5 yrs.):
A

Initiative Vs. Guilt. Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

39
Q
  1. Middle School Years (from 6-11 yrs.)
A

Industry Vs. Inferiority. Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

40
Q
  1. Teen Years (from 12-18 yrs.):
A

Identity Vs. Identity Confusion. Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity. Or they become confused about who they are

41
Q
  1. Young Adult Years (from 18-40 yrs):
A

Intimacy Vs. Isolation. Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

42
Q
  1. Middle Age (from 40-65 yrs):
A

Generativity Vs. Stagnation. The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

43
Q
  1. Older Adulthood (from 65 yrs. to death)
A

Integrity Vs. Despair. When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

44
Q

The Looking-Glass Self by Charles Horton-Cooley

A

states that a person’s thoughts and feelings about themselves are formed based on the responses of others and their perception.

45
Q

3 elements in the Looking-Glass Self

A
  1. We imagine how we appear to the people around us
  2. We interpret their reactions
  3. We develop a self-concept
46
Q

The Presentation of Self by Erving Goffman:

A

says that self is nothing more than “Self-Presentations” and “Play Performances” and that social life is a theater with social scripts, performances and actors and roles that perform in front.

47
Q

Dramaturgy

A

a sociological concept that uses the metaphor of theater to explain human behavior. It is a sociological perspective that is a component of symbolic interactionism and is used in sociological analysis of everyday life

48
Q

Elements of the Social Stage Play:

A

❖ Performance

❖ Setting

❖ Appearance

❖ Manner

❖ Front

❖ Front Stage

❖ Back Stage

49
Q

deviance

A

any behavior exhibited by any member of a social group which violates established social norms

50
Q

Since norms are relative from one society to another

A

it follows that other societies might consider it as deviant but not in another society.

51
Q

methods of social control

A

negative sanctions

positive sanctions

52
Q

Theories on Deviance

A

Different Association Theory

Control Theory

Labeling Theory

Strain Theory

53
Q

Different Association Theory by Edwin Sutherland

A

observing more deviant acts will increase the chances of deviant behavior.

54
Q

Control Theory (Walter Reckless, 1973); (Travis Hirschi, 1969)

A

deviant behavior as the agreement with social norms which requires strong bonds between people and society. Hirschi says that weak social bonds will lead to deviant behavior

55
Q

two control systems that help us in avoiding deviant behavior:

A

inner controls: are the kind of morality and values we internalize

outer controls: are the people who influence our decisions not to deviate.

56
Q

Labeling Theory (Howard Becker, 1960)

A

power of stigma

57
Q

Components of Deviance under Labeling Theory

A

Primary Deviance: It is not an individual’s norm since committing deviant acts are limited.

Secondary Deviance: It’s almost a norm or a way of life/part of one’s life committing deviant acts.

58
Q

Strain Theory (Robert Merton)

A

anomie theory, the notion that a deviant act will most likely happen to a person when a gap exists between his cultural goals and his ability to meet them.

59
Q

5 Components of Deviant Behaviors under Strain Theory:

A
  1. Innovators: people who accept the goals of society but use illegal ways in achieving them.
  2. Ritualism: They are the persons who reject cultural goals but use legitimate methods.
  3. Retreatism: the people who reject both the cultural goals and the institutionalized means.
  4. Rebellion: These are the people who define society as corrupt. The rebels, just like the ‘retreatists’, reject both the society’s goals and its institutionalized means
  5. Conformity: people who accept the goals of society and use institutional means

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