Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ES2001 > Quantitative Skills And Intro To Chemistry > Flashcards

Quantitative Skills And Intro To Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is 1000 in scientific notation?

A

10^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is 2400000 in scientific notation?

A

2.4 x10^6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is 0.000026 in scientific notation?

A

2.6 x10^-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the product of a number to the power of one?

A

Always the base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the product of a number to the power of 0?

A

Always one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ppt, ppm, and ppb?

A

Parts per thousand, million, and billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you add/subtract numbers with scientific notation?

A

Make them have the same power then add/subtract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you multiply/divide numbers with scientific division?

A

Add(x) or subtract(/) the powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the equation of a straight line?

A

y=mx+c
m=gradient
c=xy intercept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a quadratic formula?

A

y=ax^2 + bx + c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is R^2?

A

R^2= 1 perfect correlation
=0 no correlation
How well a line of best fit fits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define specimen, sample, and population?

A

Singular
Random collection
All

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the definition of a statistic?

A

A statistic represents an estimate of some parameter about an entire population based upon a small sub-set of that population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a mean?

A

Average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a median?

A

The middle value when data is ordered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A measure of the spread of data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a skew?

A

A measure of the symmetry of the data
Negative/positive/normal distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes a statistic ‘good’?

A

Sampling bias minimised
Large sample size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you calculate a mean?

A

Sum of all numbers divide by the number of numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are ways to quantify variation?

A

Range
Variance
Standard deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is range?

A

Max- min value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you find variance?

A

Sigma^2 = any data point - average data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do you calculate standard deviation?

A

Square root of variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the percentages of where data falls in a normally distributed curve?

A

68% within 1sd
95% within 2sd
99.7% within 3sd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the purpose of histograms?

A

Quick visualisation of general properties of the distribution
Shows a count of frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does a line of best fit do?

A

Minimise the mean deviation between all data points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give a geological example of a use for calculus.

A

Loss of porosity per a given amount of burial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest sub divisible unit of matter that retains unique chemical properties
Composed of protons neutrons and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an element?

A

Fundamental building block of matter defined by a specific number of protons in an atomic nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Variant of a particular element that differs in neutron number, but has the same proton number (hence different masses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do you work out the number of neutrons in an element?

A

Mass number - atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is amu?

A

Atomic mass unit
1 amu = mass of one proton = 1.67x10 ^-27kg
Defined as 1/12 the mass of a neutral atom of carbon 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

The average weight of an element based in the masses of each isotope of the element weighed by the relative abundances of said isotopes

34
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Multi atom material held together by chemical bonds

35
Q

What is a compound?

A

A multi element molecule

36
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more valence electrons

37
Q

What is valence?

A

The outermost electron shell of an atom

38
Q

What is a mole?

A

The amount of a chemical substance that contains as many representative particles as there are atoms in 12g of carbon 12

39
Q

What is the periodic table sorted by?

A

Sorted by increasing proton size

40
Q

What are orbitals defined as?

A

The area in which electrons are most likely to be found

41
Q

What are the four quantum numbers?

A

Energy level = n (any number from 1 upwards)
Angular momentum = l (0, 1, 2 …. n-1) subshells
Magnetic momentum = m (2L+1) how many orbitals in each subshell
Spin = ms (+/-1/2) direction of spin

42
Q

What are the shells for l=0, l=1…

A

L=0 s
L=1 p
L=2 d
L=3 f

43
Q

How would you describe an electron in shell 1 and sub shell L=0?

A

1s

44
Q

How are subshells organised?

A

1s
2s 2p
3S 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f

45
Q

What shape are s orbitals?

A

Spherical
1

46
Q

What shape are p orbitals?

A

Dumbbell shaped
2

47
Q

What shape are d orbitals?

A

4 leaf clover or dumbbell with circle

48
Q

What shape are d orbitals?

A

4 leaf clover or dumbbell with circle

49
Q

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

A

No two electrons in an atom can have identical values of all 4 quantum numbers

50
Q

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

A

No two electrons in an atom can have identical values of all 4 quantum numbers

51
Q

What is the ground state?

A

Describes an isolated atom in its lowest energy state

52
Q

What is ground state electron configuration?

A

Distribution of electrons between shells at ground state

53
Q

What is the Augbau principle?

A

No two electrons will have 4 identical quantum numbers
Electrons are assigned to orbitals with increasing value of n+1, and for subshells with identical n+1m the lower value of n is filled first
As many orbitals as possible will be occupied by a single electron

54
Q

How is the periodic table split into orbitals?

A

S block - 1+2
P block - 3-8
D block - transitional
F block - guys at bottom

55
Q

What is the common oxidation state controlled by?

A

The number of electrons the element needs to lose/gain to reach a full electron shell (stable = noble gases)

56
Q

What loses and what gains electrons in the periodic table?

A

1-4 = lose
5-7= gain
Bottoms = lose 3 or 4

57
Q

What is atomic radii?

A

The radii of an element
Decreases across a row
Increases down a column

58
Q

What is ionic radius?

A

+ve atom generally smaller than neutral atom
-ve atom generally larger than the neutral atom
Atoms contract when they lose an electron because of the positive pull
Increases down column
Decreases across row

59
Q

What is ionisation?

A

Removal/addition of electrons from a neutral atom or molecule to make a charged species
Reduces down column
Increases across row

60
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself when combined with a different atom

61
Q

What are the properties of group 1 elements?

A
62
Q

What did Goldschmidt do?

A

Put together a geological classification of the elements

63
Q

What is a lithophile?

A

Elements that combine readily with O (in silicates) remaining in the silicate earth

64
Q

What is a siderophile?

A

Elements that combine readily with Fe, high concentrations in metals and trapped in the earths core

65
Q

What affects how an element behaves?

A

Temperature, pressure, redox conditions

66
Q

How do atoms bond?

A

Sharing or transfer of valence electrons
Covalent and ionic

67
Q

How do covalent bonds work?

A

Sharing of valence electrons with opposite spins
More shared electrons = stronger bond
Single double or triple bonds

68
Q

What is an anstrum?

A

Approximate size of an atom
1 x10^-10

69
Q

What are goldschmidts rules?

A

Based on bonds being purely ionic
2 ions with the same charge/radii will enter into solid with equal ease
When 2 ions compete for the same site, the smaller ion will be preferentially incorporated
When 2 ions have the same radii but different charges the ion with the higher charge will be preferentially incorporated
Ions whose charges differ by one unit can enter the same site provided electrical neutrality is maintained

70
Q

What is Ringwoods rule?

A

Ionic substitution is limited if ions have very different electronegativites

71
Q

What does it mean if an element is compatible or incompatible?

A

Refers to how an element behaves during igneous processes (ie partial melting and fractional crystallisation) and is controlled by how well the element fits into the major silicate phases

72
Q

What defines compatibility?

A

D = partition coefficient
= Xmineral/ Xmelt
D>1 then element is compatible in that mineral
D< then element is incompatible in that mineral

73
Q

What is HFSE?

A

High field strength elements ie Zr, Nb, Ta

74
Q

What is HFSE?

A

High field strength elements ie Zr, Nb, Ta

75
Q

What is a chalcophile?

A

Elements that combine readily with sulphur

76
Q

What is an atmophile?

A

Elements with high volatilities, found in planetary atmospheres and hydrospheres

77
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A

Conductive
Malleable
Ductile

78
Q

What is the structure of an ionic lattice?

A

Small ionic cores surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons that can interact with each other

79
Q

What are the general rules of ionic lattices?

A

Structure must be electronically neutral
Cation-anion distance must be close to R0
Arrangement of ions should be in a regular pattern

80
Q

What predicts the coordination number>

A

Radius ratio (RR)
=r cation / r anion

81
Q

Convert 17km/Myr into cm/yr

A

1,700,000/1,000,000= 1.7cm/yr

82
Q

Why are the spreading rates for the North and South Atlantic different?

A

Earth is a sphere

ES2001 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions