Quantitative Skills And Intro To Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What is 1000 in scientific notation?
A
10^3
2
Q
What is 2400000 in scientific notation?
A
2.4 x10^6
3
Q
What is 0.000026 in scientific notation?
A
2.6 x10^-5
4
Q
What is the product of a number to the power of one?
A
Always the base
5
Q
What is the product of a number to the power of 0?
A
Always one
6
Q
What is ppt, ppm, and ppb?
A
Parts per thousand, million, and billion
7
Q
How do you add/subtract numbers with scientific notation?
A
Make them have the same power then add/subtract
8
Q
How do you multiply/divide numbers with scientific division?
A
Add(x) or subtract(/) the powers
9
Q
What is the equation of a straight line?
A
y=mx+c
m=gradient
c=xy intercept
10
Q
What is a quadratic formula?
A
y=ax^2 + bx + c
11
Q
What is R^2?
A
R^2= 1 perfect correlation
=0 no correlation
How well a line of best fit fits
12
Q
Define specimen, sample, and population?
A
Singular
Random collection
All
13
Q
What is the definition of a statistic?
A
A statistic represents an estimate of some parameter about an entire population based upon a small sub-set of that population
14
Q
What is a mean?
A
Average
15
Q
What is a median?
A
The middle value when data is ordered
16
Q
What is standard deviation?
A
A measure of the spread of data
17
Q
What is a skew?
A
A measure of the symmetry of the data
Negative/positive/normal distribution
18
Q
What makes a statistic ‘good’?
A
Sampling bias minimised
Large sample size
19
Q
How do you calculate a mean?
A
Sum of all numbers divide by the number of numbers
20
Q
What are ways to quantify variation?
A
Range
Variance
Standard deviation
21
Q
What is range?
A
Max- min value
22
Q
How do you find variance?
A
Sigma^2 = any data point - average data
23
Q
How do you calculate standard deviation?
A
Square root of variance
24
Q
What are the percentages of where data falls in a normally distributed curve?
A
68% within 1sd
95% within 2sd
99.7% within 3sd
25
What is the purpose of histograms?
Quick visualisation of general properties of the distribution
Shows a count of frequency
26
What does a line of best fit do?
Minimise the mean deviation between all data points
27
Give a geological example of a use for calculus.
Loss of porosity per a given amount of burial
28
What is an atom?
Smallest sub divisible unit of matter that retains unique chemical properties
Composed of protons neutrons and electrons
29
What is an element?
Fundamental building block of matter defined by a specific number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
30
What is an isotope?
Variant of a particular element that differs in neutron number, but has the same proton number (hence different masses)
31
How do you work out the number of neutrons in an element?
Mass number - atomic number
32
What is amu?
Atomic mass unit
1 amu = mass of one proton = 1.67x10 ^-27kg
Defined as 1/12 the mass of a neutral atom of carbon 12
33
What is atomic weight?
The average weight of an element based in the masses of each isotope of the element weighed by the relative abundances of said isotopes
34
What is a molecule?
Multi atom material held together by chemical bonds
35
What is a compound?
A multi element molecule
36
What is an ion?
An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more valence electrons
37
What is valence?
The outermost electron shell of an atom
38
What is a mole?
The amount of a chemical substance that contains as many representative particles as there are atoms in 12g of carbon 12
39
What is the periodic table sorted by?
Sorted by increasing proton size
40
What are orbitals defined as?
The area in which electrons are most likely to be found
41
What are the four quantum numbers?
Energy level = n (any number from 1 upwards)
Angular momentum = l (0, 1, 2 …. n-1) subshells
Magnetic momentum = m (2L+1) how many orbitals in each subshell
Spin = ms (+/-1/2) direction of spin
42
What are the shells for l=0, l=1…
L=0 s
L=1 p
L=2 d
L=3 f
43
How would you describe an electron in shell 1 and sub shell L=0?
1s
44
How are subshells organised?
1s
2s 2p
3S 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
45
What shape are s orbitals?
Spherical
1
46
What shape are p orbitals?
Dumbbell shaped
2
47
What shape are d orbitals?
4 leaf clover or dumbbell with circle
48
What shape are d orbitals?
4 leaf clover or dumbbell with circle
49
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
No two electrons in an atom can have identical values of all 4 quantum numbers
50
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
No two electrons in an atom can have identical values of all 4 quantum numbers
51
What is the ground state?
Describes an isolated atom in its lowest energy state
52
What is ground state electron configuration?
Distribution of electrons between shells at ground state
53
What is the Augbau principle?
No two electrons will have 4 identical quantum numbers
Electrons are assigned to orbitals with increasing value of n+1, and for subshells with identical n+1m the lower value of n is filled first
As many orbitals as possible will be occupied by a single electron
54
How is the periodic table split into orbitals?
S block - 1+2
P block - 3-8
D block - transitional
F block - guys at bottom
55
What is the common oxidation state controlled by?
The number of electrons the element needs to lose/gain to reach a full electron shell (stable = noble gases)
56
What loses and what gains electrons in the periodic table?
1-4 = lose
5-7= gain
Bottoms = lose 3 or 4
57
What is atomic radii?
The radii of an element
Decreases across a row
Increases down a column
58
What is ionic radius?
+ve atom generally smaller than neutral atom
-ve atom generally larger than the neutral atom
Atoms contract when they lose an electron because of the positive pull
Increases down column
Decreases across row
59
What is ionisation?
Removal/addition of electrons from a neutral atom or molecule to make a charged species
Reduces down column
Increases across row
60
What is electronegativity?
Tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself when combined with a different atom
61
What are the properties of group 1 elements?
62
What did Goldschmidt do?
Put together a geological classification of the elements
63
What is a lithophile?
Elements that combine readily with O (in silicates) remaining in the silicate earth
64
What is a siderophile?
Elements that combine readily with Fe, high concentrations in metals and trapped in the earths core
65
What affects how an element behaves?
Temperature, pressure, redox conditions
66
How do atoms bond?
Sharing or transfer of valence electrons
Covalent and ionic
67
How do covalent bonds work?
Sharing of valence electrons with opposite spins
More shared electrons = stronger bond
Single double or triple bonds
68
What is an anstrum?
Approximate size of an atom
1 x10^-10
69
What are goldschmidts rules?
Based on bonds being purely ionic
2 ions with the same charge/radii will enter into solid with equal ease
When 2 ions compete for the same site, the smaller ion will be preferentially incorporated
When 2 ions have the same radii but different charges the ion with the higher charge will be preferentially incorporated
Ions whose charges differ by one unit can enter the same site provided electrical neutrality is maintained
70
What is Ringwoods rule?
Ionic substitution is limited if ions have very different electronegativites
71
What does it mean if an element is compatible or incompatible?
Refers to how an element behaves during igneous processes (ie partial melting and fractional crystallisation) and is controlled by how well the element fits into the major silicate phases
72
What defines compatibility?
D = partition coefficient
= Xmineral/ Xmelt
D>1 then element is compatible in that mineral
D< then element is incompatible in that mineral
73
What is HFSE?
High field strength elements ie Zr, Nb, Ta
74
What is HFSE?
High field strength elements ie Zr, Nb, Ta
75
What is a chalcophile?
Elements that combine readily with sulphur
76
What is an atmophile?
Elements with high volatilities, found in planetary atmospheres and hydrospheres
77
What are the properties of metals?
Conductive
Malleable
Ductile
78
What is the structure of an ionic lattice?
Small ionic cores surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons that can interact with each other
79
What are the general rules of ionic lattices?
Structure must be electronically neutral
Cation-anion distance must be close to R0
Arrangement of ions should be in a regular pattern
80
What predicts the coordination number>
Radius ratio (RR)
=r cation / r anion
81
Convert 17km/Myr into cm/yr
1,700,000/1,000,000= 1.7cm/yr
82
Why are the spreading rates for the North and South Atlantic different?
Earth is a sphere
