Quantitative Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Quantitative Research Methods

A

Quantitative research methods are favoured by positivists because they are objective and numerical, which means data can be cross-examined to generate cause and effect relationships, and generalisations can be made. Quantitative research methods include laboratory experiments, field experiments, questionnaires, structured interviews and official statistics.

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2
Q

Laboratory Experiments

A

Favoured by positivists, lab experiments test hypotheses in a controlled environment where the researcher changes the independent variable and measures the effect on the dependent variable.

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3
Q

Advantages of Laboratory Experiments

A

> Highly reliable - the original experiment can specify precisely what steps were followed in the original experiments.

> Can easily identify cause and effect relationships.

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4
Q

Disadvantages of Laboratory Experiments

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> Artificiality - lab experiments are carried out in a highly artificial environment and may not reveal how people act in the real world, any behaviour in these conditions may be artificial.

> The Hawthorne effect - a lab is not a formal or natural environment - If people know they are being studied, they may act differently.

> Ethical issues - the researcher needs informed consent of the participants - this may be difficult to obtain.

> Unrepresentative: the small-scale nature of lab experiments reduces their representativeness.

> It would be impossible to identify and/or control all the variables that might exert an influence on certain social issues (e.g. a child’s education).

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5
Q

Field Experiments

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Field experiments take place in the real social world, whereby the sociologist either creates a situation or adapts a real-life situation to their research purpose. Those involved are usually unaware of the research taking place.

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6
Q

Advantages of Field Experiments

A

> Less artificiality - field experiments are set in real-world situations.

> Validity - people are unaware of the experimental situation (no Hawthorne effect) and are in their usual social environment, they will act normally.

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7
Q

Disadvantages of Field Experiments

A

> Ethical issues - involves carrying out an experiment on people without their informed consent.

> Less control over variables than laboratory experiments.

> Limited application - field experiments can only be applied to a limited number of social situations.

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8
Q

Questionnaires

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Favoured by positivists, written or self-completed questionnaires are a form of social survey and can be distributed in a range of ways - notably, via post, email or handed out in person. Questionnaires are typically a list of pre-set questions that are closed-end questions with pre-coded answers.

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9
Q

Advantages of Questionnaires

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> Practical - questionnaires are cheap and quick.

> Quantifiable data.

> Representative - reach a geographically widespread research sample.

> Reliable - the questionnaire can be easily repeated due to how the questions are pre-set.

> Limited ethical issues - the respondent is under no obligation to answer the question.

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10
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Disadvantages of Questionnaires

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> Response rate - postal questionnaires in particular obtain a low response rate, which may hinder the representativity.

> Low validity - People may be more willing to lie.

> Unrepresentative - You are likely to get a certain group of people who would be more willing to answer the questionnaire.

> The interviewer isn’t there to ask follow up questions and explain questions the participants if they don’t understand.

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11
Q

Structured Interviews

A

The positivist favoured method of structured interviews involve face-to-face or over-the-phone delivery of a questionnaire. In turn, they use a list of pre-set questions designed by the researcher and asked of all interviewees in the same way.

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12
Q

Advantages of Structured Interviews

A

> Practical - training interviewers and administration is easy and cheap.

> Representative - can reach a geographically wide research sample.

> Results are easily quantifiable because they use closed-ended questions with coded answers.

> Reliable - the structured process provides a ‘recipe’ for reproducibility.

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13
Q

Disadvantages of Structured Interviews

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> Lack of validity: People may lie or exaggerate.

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14
Q

Official Statistics

A

Official statistics are quantitative data collected by government bodies. This method is favoured by positivists because data is quick, cheap and easy to access, and it covers a wide range of social issues.

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15
Q

Advantages of Official Statistics

A

> Practical - Cheap and easy to obtain.

> Practical - easy to access.

> Allow to cross-examine, and deduce cause and effect relationships.

> Collected at regular interviews, so you can compare trends over time.

> Representative - often cover large groups of people.

> Reliable - have to be filled out by law.

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16
Q

Disadvantages of Official Statistics

A

> The government collects these for its own benefit, misinterpreted by sociologists.

> Definitions may be different.

> Unreliable - census coders may make errors, or people may fill them out incorrectly.