Quantitative and Qualitative Flashcards
A methodology in research is:
a. a tool used to conduct research
b. a recipe that should be followed when conducting research
c. a set of principles used to conduct research
d. a set of rules that make research valid
A set of principles used to conduct research
A quantitative methodology:
a. Only measures wavelengths of light
b. Comes from the standpoint of constructivism
c. Is only concerned with phenomena that can be objectively measured
d. Is always better than quantitative
Concerned with phenomena that can be objectively measured
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of quantitative research:
a. Data collected through observation, survey or experiment have to be measurable
b. Procedures must be standardised
c. Results must be described using only words
d. Aims, objectives and hypotheses have to be pre stated
Results must only be described using words
Case control studies:
a. Contain data collected prospectively
b. Are intervention studies
c. Contain cases which are healthy controls
d. Are a type of observational study
Are a type of observational study
Which of the following is not one of the Bradford hill criteria:
a. Temporal relationship
b. Dose-response relationship
c. Strength of relationship
d. Triangulation of the relationship
Triangulation
The philosophical standpoint of positivism (empiricism) is the basis for which type of research
Quantitative
Put the hierarchy of evidence in order: Case control Cohort Systematic reviews Case series - case reports RCT ideas,opinions Cross-sectional studies
Systematic RCT cohort Case control Cross sectional Case series case reports Ideas, opinions
Which type of evidence has a high chance if bias/errors
Expert opinion
Are case series - case reports observational or descriptive
Descriptive
How many cases are used in case reports
<10
How many cases are used in case series
> 10
What type of evidence is useful for pilot data
Case series
Are case control studies observational or descriptive
Observational
Which studies are conducted retrospectively
Case-control
Which studies don’t fulfill Bradford hill criteria
Case control
What type of study looks at associations between one entity and another
Cohort study
Which studies deliver an intervention
RCT
Null hypothesis testing is:
a. Where a statement is made about no variation between groups
b. Where a statement is made about no relationship between groups
c. Where a statement is made about no effect between groups
d. Where a statement is made about no difference between groups
No difference between groups
In quantitative research terms, an AIM is:
a. The breakdown of the research detail
b. A statement about the relationship between the relationship variables
c. The broad statement of what is intended
d. A calibration that allows accurate measurement
The broad statement
The study sample is:
a. Patients drawn from the study population
b. Patents who meet the exclusion criteria
c. Patients who are more likely to give better outcomes
d. Patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria
Patients from the study population
The main reason for using randomisation to allocate patients in a controlled trial is:
a. Make the allocation fair to patients
b. Balance the groups by specific criteria
c. Prevent certain types of bias
d. Allow for comparison within groups
Prevent certain types of bias
A method of allocation LEAST LIKELY to achieve balance of important patient characteristics between groups to use:
a. Minimisation
b. Simple randomisation
c. Block randomisation
d. Stratification with block randomisation
Simple randomisation
The dependent variable is the
Outcome of interest
The independent variable is the
Intervention factor
Which type of sampling is designed to give an unbiased sample: probability or non-probability
Probability
Which type of probability sampling involves a random selection of everyone in the population
Simple random
What type of probability sampling involves grouping population into characteristics (ie gender) then randomly selecting
Stratified random
Which type of sampling involves selection of larger unit such as hospitals then randomly selecting patients from these
Cluster sampling
Which type of probability sampling involves random selection at predetermined intervals
Systematic
What is attrition
Loss of pt’s in the study
What is a power calculation
Calculation performed to calculate the sample adequately required
When pt’s are randomly allocated into trial groups what is block sampling
Keeps close numbers in trial groups
When randomly assigning pt’s to trial groups what is stratified selection
A balance between chosen characteristics across the trial arms
In single blind who usually knows which trial they are in
The pt
The hawthorn effect is:
a. When study sampling isn’t conducted randomly
b. When a measurement tool isn’t reliable
c. When pt’s drop out of the trial
d. A pt’s response to being in the study
Patients response to being in the study
Reliability addresses whether:
a. Repeated measurement provides a consistent result
b. Repeated measurement gives different results
c. Repeated measurement give broadly similar results
d. Repeated measurement provided same results given different circumstances
Repeated measurement provide consistent results
The main outcome for a study is called
a. Tertiary outcome
b. Primary outcome
c. Secondary outcome
d. Aim
Primary
Validity in a study means
a. Measurement tool fails to measure what it is intended
b. Measurement tool is a reliable measure
c. Measurement tool measures what it is intended
d. Measurement tool measures what is not intended
Measurement tool measures what is intended
Which of these is a threat to internal validity
a. Maturation
b. Hawthorn effect
c. Measurement effects
d. Having an attention arm in the trial
Maturation
What does PICO stand for
Population
Intervention
Comparator
Outcome
Trials usually have one main outcome know as:
Primary outcome
Secondary outcomes of interest in a study are known as
Secondary outcomes
Whether you are measuring what you intend to measure is called
Validity
What are the 6 threats to internal validity
History Maturation Testing effects Instrumentation Mortality Selection bias
External validity is also known as
Generalisability
What are the three threats to external validity
Selection effects
Reactive effects (hawthorn)
Measurement effects
