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Nursing Knowledge and Research > Quantitative and Qualitative > Flashcards

Quantitative and Qualitative Flashcards

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0
Q

A methodology in research is:

a. a tool used to conduct research
b. a recipe that should be followed when conducting research
c. a set of principles used to conduct research
d. a set of rules that make research valid

A

A set of principles used to conduct research

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1
Q

A quantitative methodology:

a. Only measures wavelengths of light
b. Comes from the standpoint of constructivism
c. Is only concerned with phenomena that can be objectively measured
d. Is always better than quantitative

A

Concerned with phenomena that can be objectively measured

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of quantitative research:

a. Data collected through observation, survey or experiment have to be measurable
b. Procedures must be standardised
c. Results must be described using only words
d. Aims, objectives and hypotheses have to be pre stated

A

Results must only be described using words

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3
Q

Case control studies:

a. Contain data collected prospectively
b. Are intervention studies
c. Contain cases which are healthy controls
d. Are a type of observational study

A

Are a type of observational study

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4
Q

Which of the following is not one of the Bradford hill criteria:

a. Temporal relationship
b. Dose-response relationship
c. Strength of relationship
d. Triangulation of the relationship

A

Triangulation

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5
Q

The philosophical standpoint of positivism (empiricism) is the basis for which type of research

A

Quantitative

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6
Q 
Put the hierarchy of evidence in order:
Case control
Cohort
Systematic reviews
Case series - case reports
RCT
ideas,opinions
Cross-sectional studies
A 
Systematic
RCT
cohort
Case control
Cross sectional
Case series case reports
Ideas, opinions
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7
Q

Which type of evidence has a high chance if bias/errors

A

Expert opinion

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8
Q

Are case series - case reports observational or descriptive

A

Descriptive

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9
Q

How many cases are used in case reports

A

<10

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10
Q

How many cases are used in case series

A

> 10

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11
Q

What type of evidence is useful for pilot data

A

Case series

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12
Q

Are case control studies observational or descriptive

A

Observational

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13
Q

Which studies are conducted retrospectively

A

Case-control

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14
Q

Which studies don’t fulfill Bradford hill criteria

A

Case control

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15
Q

What type of study looks at associations between one entity and another

A

Cohort study

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16
Q

Which studies deliver an intervention

A

RCT

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17
Q

Null hypothesis testing is:

a. Where a statement is made about no variation between groups
b. Where a statement is made about no relationship between groups
c. Where a statement is made about no effect between groups
d. Where a statement is made about no difference between groups

A

No difference between groups

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18
Q

In quantitative research terms, an AIM is:

a. The breakdown of the research detail
b. A statement about the relationship between the relationship variables
c. The broad statement of what is intended
d. A calibration that allows accurate measurement

A

The broad statement

19
Q

The study sample is:

a. Patients drawn from the study population
b. Patents who meet the exclusion criteria
c. Patients who are more likely to give better outcomes
d. Patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria

A

Patients from the study population

20
Q

The main reason for using randomisation to allocate patients in a controlled trial is:

a. Make the allocation fair to patients
b. Balance the groups by specific criteria
c. Prevent certain types of bias
d. Allow for comparison within groups

A

Prevent certain types of bias

21
Q

A method of allocation LEAST LIKELY to achieve balance of important patient characteristics between groups to use:

a. Minimisation
b. Simple randomisation
c. Block randomisation
d. Stratification with block randomisation

A

Simple randomisation

22
Q

The dependent variable is the

A

Outcome of interest

23
Q

The independent variable is the

A

Intervention factor

24
Q

Which type of sampling is designed to give an unbiased sample: probability or non-probability

A

Probability

25
Q

Which type of probability sampling involves a random selection of everyone in the population

A

Simple random

26
Q

What type of probability sampling involves grouping population into characteristics (ie gender) then randomly selecting

A

Stratified random

27
Q

Which type of sampling involves selection of larger unit such as hospitals then randomly selecting patients from these

A

Cluster sampling

28
Q

Which type of probability sampling involves random selection at predetermined intervals

A

Systematic

29
Q

What is attrition

A

Loss of pt’s in the study

30
Q

What is a power calculation

A

Calculation performed to calculate the sample adequately required

31
Q

When pt’s are randomly allocated into trial groups what is block sampling

A

Keeps close numbers in trial groups

32
Q

When randomly assigning pt’s to trial groups what is stratified selection

A

A balance between chosen characteristics across the trial arms

33
Q

In single blind who usually knows which trial they are in

A

The pt

34
Q

The hawthorn effect is:

a. When study sampling isn’t conducted randomly
b. When a measurement tool isn’t reliable
c. When pt’s drop out of the trial
d. A pt’s response to being in the study

A

Patients response to being in the study

35
Q

Reliability addresses whether:

a. Repeated measurement provides a consistent result
b. Repeated measurement gives different results
c. Repeated measurement give broadly similar results
d. Repeated measurement provided same results given different circumstances

A

Repeated measurement provide consistent results

36
Q

The main outcome for a study is called

a. Tertiary outcome
b. Primary outcome
c. Secondary outcome
d. Aim

A

Primary

37
Q

Validity in a study means

a. Measurement tool fails to measure what it is intended
b. Measurement tool is a reliable measure
c. Measurement tool measures what it is intended
d. Measurement tool measures what is not intended

A

Measurement tool measures what is intended

38
Q

Which of these is a threat to internal validity

a. Maturation
b. Hawthorn effect
c. Measurement effects
d. Having an attention arm in the trial

A

Maturation

39
Q

What does PICO stand for

A

Population
Intervention
Comparator
Outcome

40
Q

Trials usually have one main outcome know as:

A

Primary outcome

41
Q

Secondary outcomes of interest in a study are known as

A

Secondary outcomes

42
Q

Whether you are measuring what you intend to measure is called

A

Validity

43
Q

What are the 6 threats to internal validity

A 
History
Maturation
Testing effects
Instrumentation
Mortality
Selection bias
44
Q

External validity is also known as

A

Generalisability

45
Q

What are the three threats to external validity

A

Selection effects
Reactive effects (hawthorn)
Measurement effects

Nursing Knowledge and Research (1 decks)

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