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HRSS > Quantitative > Flashcards

Quantitative Flashcards

1
Q

Variable

A

characteristic that can be recorded about object/subject in study

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2
Q

Types of variables

A 
Numeric 
    - continuous (come from measurements)
    - discrete (counting)
Categorical 
    - nominal (no natural order)
    - ordinal (has a natural order)
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3
Q

Population

A

The larger group to which results are generalised

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4
Q

Sample

A

Representative group for drawing conclusions about the population

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5
Q

Advantages of sampling

A

More time efficient, more economical, can be more accurate

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6
Q

Sampling bias

A

When members of a sample over or under represent attributes of the population related to areas being studied

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7
Q

Probability sampling

A

Probability of each individual being selected can be calculated and is usually made to be equal chance

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8
Q

Types of probability sampling

A
  • random sampling
  • systematic sampling
  • stratified random sampling
  • disproportionate sampling
  • cluster sampling
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9
Q

Simple random sampling

A

each member has equal chance of selection

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10
Q

Systematic sampling

A

every nth subject chosen (eg. every 9th person is chosen)

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11
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

Population split into subgroups from which random sample is drawn

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12
Q

Cluster sampling

A

successive random sampling of a series of units in a population, convenient but may compound effects of sampling bias

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13
Q

Disproportionate sampling

A

eg. If a population is 90% females and 10% males but you want even numbers of females and males (females have less chance of being chosen) so disproportionate

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14
Q

Types of non-probability sampling

A
  • convenience sampling
  • quota sampling
  • purposive sampling
  • snowball sampling
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15
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Subjects are chosen on the basis of their availability

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16
Q

Quota sampling

A

Researcher guides sampling process until a quota is met

17
Q

Purposive sampling

A

Subjects ‘hand picked’ based on certain criteria

18
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Relies on original participants identifying/referring people with similar characteristics

19
Q

Experimental studies

A

Control over IV, experimental conditions and construction of groups for comparison. Intervention or treatment. Aim to provide evidence that IV is cause of change in DV

20
Q

Observational studies

A

Subjects observed in natural state, groups are self selected, may be measured/tested but no intervention, can be retrospective or prospective

21
Q

Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)

A

2 or more groups allocated using randomisation (one is control, other receives experimental variable), pre and post treatment measures, changes that occur in experimental but not control group can be attributed to treatment

22
Q

Double blinding

A

Neither pt nor assessor knows which treatment the pt is receiving

23
Q

Crossover design

A

pt acts as own control, order of treatment is randomised

24
Q

Factorial design

A

Several factors compared at the same time, each subject receives combination of all factors, suitable for investigating interactions

25
Q

Quasi-experimental designs

A
  • one group post test only
  • one group pretest - posttest
  • non - equivalent control group
  • non - equivalent control group pretest-posttest
  • single subject
26
Q

Single subject design

A
  • single pt or institution followed over time
  • differs from case study as it is a structured experiment
  • outcome measured before and after intervention
  • external validity and ability to generalise is weak
27
Q

Retrospective studies

A

Look at past data for potentially influential factors

28
Q

Prospective studies

A

Follow participants, observe exposure and track outcome

29
Q

Attrition

A

Loss of subjects in a study (could be due to mortality, pt moving, declining to continued participation etc)

30
Q

Case control studies

A

retrospective, take and compare histories of groups, typically examine effects related to cause of condition

31
Q

Cross sectional studies

A

provide a ‘snapshot’ at a certain point in time, often used to determine prevalence of disease/disability

32
Q

Case report

A

clinical history of single pt, not a strong design for determining cause effect, can present clinically important info for future studies

HRSS (6 decks)

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