Quantification and Costing of Construction Works Flashcards

Question

What is the build up to an Elemental Cost Plan recommended in NRM?

Answer 1

``` 0 - Facilitating Works 1 - Substructure 2 - Superstructure 3 - Internal Finishes 4 - FF&E (Fittings, Furnishings and Equipment) 5 - Services 6 - Prefabricated units 7 - Works to existing building 8 - External Works 9 - Main Contractor Prelims 10 - Main Contractor OH&P 11 - Project Design Team Fees 12 - Other development/project costs (e.g. cost to acquire land, planning fees, insurances) 13 - Risk 14 - Inflation ```

Answer 2

NRM1 Appendix F

Answer 3

International Property Measurement Standards Property Measurement Standards that supersede NRM. Building function specific.

Answer 4

2014 - IPMS: Office Buildings

Answer 5

- The sum of the areas of each floor of a building measured to the outer perimeter of external construction features and reported on a floor by floor basis - GEA

Answer 6

- Basement included. Calculated by taking exterior plane of GF and extending it downwards, or by taking the GIA of the BF and estimating the external perimeter wall thickness - Balconies, galleries and accessible rooftop terraces are included but should be stated separately

Answer 7

- Open light wells or upper level voids of atriums - Open external stairwells that are not an integral part of the structure - Patios and decks at ground level, car parks, Cooling equipment and refuse areas and other areas that are not fully enclosed are not included but may be stated as a separate measure

Answer 8

- Measuring the internal area of offices | - Categorising use of space in an office building

Answer 9

The sum of the areas of each floor level of an office building measured to the internal dominant face and reported on a component-by-component basis on each floor of the building. GIA

Answer 10

- Atria and the like only measured at GF level - All areas inside internal dominant face including partitions, columns - Enclosed passageways between two buildings - Balconies, galleries and accessible rooftop terraces are included but should be stated separately

Answer 11

- Open light wells or upper level voids of atriums - Patios and decks at ground level, car parks, Cooling equipment and refuse areas and other areas that are not fully enclosed are not included but may be stated as a separate measure

Answer 12

The inside finished surface comprising of 50% or more of the surface area of a vertical section forming an internal perimeter

Answer 13

The measurement is taken to the wall to floor junction excluding skirting etc

Answer 14

- Measuring the occupation of floor areas for exclusive use | - IPMS3 is not directly related to IPMS1 or 2, nor a component area in IPMS2

Answer 15

The floor area available on an exclusive basis to an occupier, but excluding shared facilities and shared circulation areas. Calculated on an occupier-by-occupier or floor-by-floor basis.

Answer 16

- All internal walls and columns within tenant area | - Taken to centre line of shared tenant walls

Answer 17

Standard facilities. These are parts of the building providing shared or common facilities that do not change over time, such as stairs, cleaners cupboards, escalators, plant rooms, fire refuge areas and maintenance rooms.

Answer 18

- Vertical penetrations - Structural elements - Technical services - Hygiene areas - Circulation areas - Amenities - Workspace - Other areas (incl. storage rooms, internal parking, balconies)

Answer 19

Building Information Modelling

Answer 20

The process of creating information models containing both graphical and non-graphical information in a Common Data Environment (CDE)

Answer 21

Level 0 - Unmanaged CAD Level 1 - Managed CAD in 2D or 3D Level 2 - Managed 3D environment with data attached, but separate model for each discipline (architect, structural engineer etc) Level 3 - Single online project model with construction sequencing, cost and lifecycle management information.

Answer 22

3D - Graphical and non-graphical information in a CDE 4D - Same as 3D but also includes construction sequencing. Info about lead times etc, ultimately enabling the creation of a more accurate programme 5D - Includes capital cost information 6D - Includes lifecycle cost information

Answer 23

- To check accuracy of information and fill the gaps. Cost info derived from model will only be as accurate as the information provided, which will generally be basic in the earlier design stages - QS will be able to pick up on costs not shown on construction model such as temporary works. - Quantities may not be visible on model but derived from it, such as window mouldings.

Answer 24

- Data can be queried at any time during a project, information is regularly updated. Can create a "Living Cost Plan". Cost Reports will be more accurate when issued - currently they are historic dating to the last design release. - 3D visualisation can reduce the risk of missing anything out

Answer 25

- To enable a like for like comparison between Tender submissions and Cost Plan - To enable Cost Consultant to understand where value lies within Contract Sum (foundations, M&E etc.) - To identify significant differences in pricing to ensure design has been interpreted correctly - Identify areas of saving that may be negotiated with tenderers whilst in competition - Form the financial basis of Tender Report

Answer 26

- A document that provides a list of quantities for a project - Put together by QS - Quantities taken from drawings and specification in the tender documentation. - Requires full specification of project

Answer 27

- For PQS to prepare a pre-tender cost estimate. Quantities are multiplied by rates to give costs. - To be sent out to Contractors during the tender period for them to price - Can be used as a schedule of rates to price variations - Can provide the basis for valuations of interim payments - Provide the basis for preparation of the Final Account

Answer 28

- Simply lists work to be carried out. Quality should be defined in specification, size and location defined in drawings. - Allow for pricing of items, builders work, fixing schedules

Answer 29

- Produced by designers

Answer 30

- Used on smaller projects or for alteration works - Alternative to BoQ - Sometimes form part of tender documentation/Contract Documents along with BoQ, specification etc

Answer 31

- A letter of invitation to tender - Form of Tender - Form of Contract to be used - Tender Pricing Document - EIR (Employers Information Requirements) for BIM - Design drawings, possibly BIM model - Specification - Tender return slip

Answer 32

A list in a Contract setting out costs for items ranging from labour, plant hire and staff (for cost reimbursable day rates), to rates for an extensive number of items (for Measured Term Contracts).

Answer 33

- Variations are easier to value and usually cheaper - Client can stop and start work whenever they like - Tendering process is easy and inexpensive, so larger pool of Contractors can be invited to Tender (more competitive = cheaper) - Fast track procurement method as project can be tendered before design is complete - Flexible in relation to scope and contractual commitment

Answer 34

- Client does not have final price when committing to works - Additional resources required to measure works before payment made to Contractor - Difficult for Contractors to predict long term resource, may result in loss of continuity - No sense of urgency or risk, so best resource may be taken away from these works

Answer 35

An allowance in a Contract Sum for a specific element of works that is not yet defined in enough detail for tenderers to accurately price.

Answer 36

An element of work defined in enough detail for the Contractor to have made an allowance in their: - Programme - Prelim pricing - Planning

Answer 37

An element of work NOT defined in sufficient detail, thus the Contractor cannot be expected to make an allowance in their: - Programme - Prelim pricing - Planning

Answer 38

An allowance for the supply of work or materials by the Contractor nominated by the client. This allowance is exclusive of any OH&P/attendance by the Main Contractor.

Answer 39

Payments are agreed based on quotes/invoices provided by the Main Contractor. Any additional reasonable percentages for OH&P/prelims are added. This can result in the Contract Sum increasing/decreasing.

Answer 40

- Relating to Cost Reimbursable Contracts | - Target costs set, allowing Contractor to share cost savings but also bear cost of overruns

Answer 41

- Encourages good collaboration | - Encourages good cost control

Answer 42

- Client must have sufficient knowledge to understand what the likely outcome of costs may be - Client must be good at negotiating target cost

Answer 43

NEC3 ECC - Option C Target Contract with Activity Schedule NEC3 ECC - Option D Target Contract with Bill of Quantities

Answer 44

Contracts generally give provisions for the Contractor to claim loss and expense resulting from works being materially affected by relevant matters for which the client is responsible for.

Answer 45

- Found in Contracts such as JCT - Refers to matter that the client is responsible for - The matter materially affects progress of work on site

Answer 46

1. Failure to give Contractor possession of site 2. Discrepancies in Contract Documents 3. Delays in receiving instructions 4. Failure to supply goods/materials 5. Disruptions caused my work by the Client

Answer 47

Money for: - Disruption of works (resulting in greater cost) - Prolongation (delay of work) Loss and expense does not necessarily grant an Extension of Time.

Answer 48

- No, loss and expense only cover direct losses. | - Consequential losses such as loss of production are not directly related so are generally not covered.

Answer 49

The cost of administering a project and providing general plant, site staff, facilities, site based services and other items not included in any package.

Answer 50

- A general summary - Method statement - Pre-construction information - Planning conditions - Party wall conditions/agreements - Requirements for insurances/bond/warranties - Dates for partial possession - BIM requirements - Waste management plan - Site preliminaries

Answer 51

- Staff - Welfare provisions - Staff offices - Plant - Site waste clearance - Electricity - Water - Furniture - ICT - Protection - Transport

Answer 52

A Contractor is paid for specific works on the basis of the cost of labour + materials + plant + OH&P.

Answer 53

In a variation/prime cost/PSUM when work cannot be priced the regular way, for example: - When an unforeseen obstruction is encountered - When works are instructed that have no comparable rates in BoQ

Answer 54

Option A - percentage addition on top of prime cost Option C - all inclusive rates quoted at tender

Answer 55

To provide advice to the certified for the issue of interim certificates and payment notices

Answer 56

Contract dependent, one of the following: - Contract Administrator - Employer's Agent - PM - Employer

Answer 57

- To assess value of work complete, not cost incurred by Contractor - To value the whole project, NOT value work done since the last valuation. - QS must value work carried out that is assumed to be properly executed. CA/PM/EA's role to inform QS if deductions need to be made/there are defects etc.

Answer 58

RICS Professional Guidance - Interim Valuations and Payment 2015

Answer 59

Employer - Value of the total Contract, minus costs to bring the Contract to completion (including costs to bring in another Contractor to complete works if necessary) Contractor - valuing completed works is calculated using a BoQ, receiving payment on work completed + add ons. This is of particular importance when reaching the end of the project, as the Employer's method of valuing works protects themselves from costs incurred if the Contractor does not finish the project/doesn't fix major defects (retention may not be enough to cover the costs)

Answer 60

Site visit - visual inspection and/or measurement

Answer 61

Financial/cash flow problems for the Contractor

Answer 62

Risk for client as they are paying for works that have not been completed. If Contractor goes insolvent and client has overpaid, client loses out.

Answer 63

- Employer sets Employer's Requirements - Lump Sum Contract - Contractor holds risk for having quantified scope correctly - ERs have no quantities - Only info PQS has is the Contract Sum Analysis, which they must ensure provides appropriate pricing detail to aid valuing change - Change is a change to ERs in quality/quantity/design - Change can also be further obligations/restrictions imposed by the Employer, or alteration/omission/addition of obligations/restrictions such as site access

Answer 64

- The employer and Contractor will agree a value for the variation - Information will be exchanged. Rates from CSA will be used if possible, though often there will not be enough information. Quotes can be requested, a reasonable price must be agreed. - If an agreement is not reached, a valuation of the variation is made in line with Valuation Rules. It is not specified who carries out this valuation, most likely will be EA

Answer 65

- Contract Sum calculated with a fully priced BoQ (Contract Bills) - Employer holds risk for accuracy of quantities and errors. - Any errors are corrected as a variation - Any change to design/quantities/quality is a variation - Change can also be further obligations/restrictions imposed by the Employer, or alteration/omission/addition of obligations/restrictions such as site access - Benefit of having a BoQ for Employer is they have vast array of information from which they can take rates to value change

Answer 66

- The employer and Contractor will agree a value for the variation - Information will be exchanges (quotes, measures), rates in BoQ used when possible. - If an agreement is not reached, a valuation of the variation is made in line with Valuation Rules. It is not specified who carries out this valuation, most likely will be EA

Answer 67

Same as JCT SBC.

Answer 68

1. To record an event, e.g. Practical Completion, Certificate of Making Good, Final Certificate 2. As a financial statement, e.g. Interim Certificates, Payment Notices, Pay Less Notices

Answer 69

- HGCRA 1996 | - Local democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009

Answer 70

- Contracts in excess of 45 days in duration must have interim/staged payment mechanisms in place - Contracts must have mechanism in place to determine the amount due, as well as date for final payment - Effective notice must be given before date for final payment if money is to be withheld

Answer 71

The payment mechanism contained in The Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 (Amendment) (England) 2011 (the Scheme) comes into effect.

Answer 72

Came into force in 2011, amended payment provisions in HGCRA: - Payment notice must be issues within 5 days of due date for every interim payment, specifying amount owed - Impossible for payer to avoid making payment, as if works have failed to be paid/certified, as in this circumstances the PAYEE is entitled to issue payment notice - Payment notices are required to contain the basis upon which notified sums are calculated - A payer must pay the notified sum as contained in the relevant payment notice unless it serves a notice to pay less (or a pay less notice). - A notice to pay less than the notified sum must value the work at the date the notice is served, rather than the payment due date. - It is possible for either the notified sum or the sum given in a notice to pay less to be zero; however, the basis upon which the sum is calculated must be included.

Answer 73

The amount or consideration that the employer agrees to pay the contractor for carrying out the construction work

Answer 74

Due to adjustments for: - Variations - PSUM adjustments - Prime Cost adjustments - Addition/Removal of scope - Loss and expense incurred by Contractor - Fluctuations such as labour cost, material costs (if Contract includes such provisions)

Answer 75

- JCT Standard Building Contract w/ approximate quantities - NEC3 ECC Option E (Cost Reimbursable Contract) Any Contract that allows for remeasurement.

Answer 76

Employer - payee Contractor - payer Employer's Agent - Certified QS - Valuer/validator

Answer 77

Contract Administrator

Answer 78

- 7 days = Contractor's interim application for payment [Valuation Period] 0 days = Due Date for valuation [CA prepares certificate. LDEDC requirement must be latest 5 days after due date. If Contractor failed to issue interim application, CA must ensure QS values work within this time] +5 days = Interim certificate issued by CA +9 days = Last date to issue Pay Less Notice (5 days before Final Date for Payment +14 days = Final Date for Payment

Answer 79

21 calendar days

Answer 80

In JCT DB 2016, the due date moves to 7 days after the interim application is recieved. In JCT SBC 2016, the interim certificate/payment notice must be issued 5 days after the due date set in the Contract regardless

Answer 81

On the due date, every 2 months.

Answer 82

On the expiry of the defect rectification period, or when the Certificate of Making Good Defects is issued.

Answer 83

Either: - Interim Application made by the Contractor will become the payment notice - If no Interim Application was made, the Contractor may at any time issue a payment notice after +5 days from the Due Date

Answer 84

This is how the Employer notifies the Contractor that he or she intends to pay less than the sum on the payment notice, and how this sum was calculated.

Answer 85

Yes, the employer can issue a Pay Less Notice to the Contractor so long as it is 5+ days before the Final Date for Payment

Answer 86

14 calendar days from due date

Answer 87

Simple interest is charged on top of payment due at the interest rate of the period from final date for payment until payment is made. Acceptance of payment of interest does not waiver his/her right to receive proper timely payment, suspend performance or terminate his/her employment.

Answer 88

Alternative A: Staged payments. Stages are set in CPs and priced on a cumulative basis as each stage is completed using the Contract rates Alternative B: Periodic payments. Contractor submits application on dates set out in CPs.

Answer 89

Periodic payments with the same procedure as in JCT SBC 2011. Rates taken from Contract Sum Analysis rather than BQ.

Answer 90

The QS has no role, however it is common practice for QS to advise/validate interim valuations.

Answer 91

- 14 calendar days instead of 21 - No date for Contractor's interim application to be submitted by, as the Contract does not recognise role of a QS so no need to have time for a QS to value works. - Interim application can be submitted on or before the Due Date

Answer 92

For the Contractor to submit their interim application X amount of days prior to the due date. This allows time for the QS to advice on the validity of the application.

Answer 93

- Length - Area - Volume - Time - Number - Weight

Answer 94

A firm BoQ is a document prepared by the QS that provides SPECIFIC measured quantities of the items of work identified by the drawings and specifications.

Answer 95

Used on projects where is it not possible to prepare a firm BoQ. Some Contracts allow for remeasurement on approximate quantities.

Answer 96

If the design is relatively complete but the quantities are not yet known (perhaps underground works where scope cannot be fully understood until digging begins)

Answer 97

A list of activities which the Contractor expects to carry out in completing their obligations under the Contract. Activity schedule is priced, then the employer pays Contractor for each activity once complete.

Answer 98

NEC Option A and Option C.

Answer 99

Stage payments (sometimes called milestone) is where payments are due when pre-agreed "stages" or "milestones" are met, as opposed to time.

Answer 100

- A CSA is an elemental breakdown of the Contract Sum | - Normally based on elemental framework defined in NRM1

Answer 101

Allows for payment of all incurred costs, often with a predetermined ceiling

Answer 102

When uncertainties of performance will not permit a fixed price to be estimated with sufficient accuracy. Therefore it would otherwise be difficult to ensure a fair and reasonable price.

Answer 103

- work executed - variations/changes - PSUM expenditure - materials on/off site - loss and expense - fluctuations - retention - amounts previously paid

Answer 104

NRM2: Detailed measurement for capital building works

Answer 105

Scaffolding: Set up is fixed cost, renting it over a period is time related.

Answer 106

Orders given to the Contractor by the CA

Answer 107

- Additions, omissions, alterations, modifications and/or substitutions to the design, quantity or quality of work - Provision of information - Changes in timing, sequence or method of working - Expenditure of PSUMs/ PC sums - Actions in relation to work founds

Answer 108

Most standard contract conditions stipulate they must be issued in writing, but some conditions detail provisions for oral instructions

Answer 109

In JCT SBC, the Contractor must confirm it within 7 calendar days. The instruction then takes effect after a further 7 calendar days.

Answer 110

Either ignore the instruction and value 0% against that item in the CSA, or value 100% against that item and count the omission figure in the instruction.

Answer 111

- Items pre-agreed in content, price and time - Items agreed in price but not effect on contract (e.g. time) - Items instructed but not agreed on price; to be evaluated in terms of the contract - Items identified by contractor as variations/changes but not instructed at time of valuation

Answer 112

No. Contract Sum can only be adjusted via a formal instruction by the Contract Administrator.

Answer 113

No, irrespective of the annotation, if the daywork sheets have been signed and dated properly by the authorised persons they constitute an accurate record of the resource used.

Answer 114

- Must be delivered to site or adjacent to works - Must be reasonably, properly and not prematurely bought - Must be adequately protected against weather

Answer 115

Most JCT Contract Conditions provide for materials and goods off-site to be included in interim payments. Conditions of payment set out in contract conditions relating to materials off-site must be fulfilled.

Answer 116

Materials, goods and/or items pre-fabricated for inclusion in the works. Listed by the Employer and list supplied to the Contractor and annexed to the pricing document

Answer 117

Yes, however the basis of the loss and expense must be established before any monies are included.

Answer 118

Yes LDEDC Act 2009 gives contractor right to suspend work subject to giving the required notice period,

Answer 119

These must be paid for by the Employer and included in an interim payment.

Answer 120

A reduction or addition to the contractor's tender price

Answer 121

- Optional clause which makes Provison for employer to make advance payment to Contractor - Amount and date for payment must be in CPs with times/amounts of repayments from Contractor to Employer

Answer 122

Take out an advance payment bond.

Answer 123

No, value of work not properly executed deducted from interim application.

Answer 124

A sum is provided for work that is not completely designed, however nature of the work is known, how/where it is to be fixed, quantities that indicate a scope are known.

Answer 125

A sum provided for work that is not completely designed, and the information required for a defined provisional sum is also not provided (quantities, nature of work, location, limitations)

Answer 126

Sum of money included in a unit rate to be expended on materials or good, e.g. Tiles at £36/m2 PC sums exclude costs associated with fixing, installation, ancillary and sundry materials, subcontractor design fees, MC prelims and OH&P.

Answer 127

When precise quality of materials or goods are unknown, nominated by the Client

Answer 128

The determination of possible cost of a building(s) early in design stage in relation to the employer’s fundamental requirement. Happens prior to working drawings etc.

Answer 129

An evolving estimate of known factors without any allowances for risk and uncertainty, or element of inflation. Works cost estimate + project/design team fees estimate + other development/project costs estimate

Answer 130

The sum of the cost targets for group elements 1 to 8 (substructure, superstructure etc). It excludes facilitating works estimate, as well as those relating to main contractor’s preliminaries, main contractor’s overheads, profit/design team fees estimate, other development/project costs estimate and risk allowances

Answer 131

The critical breakdown of the cost limit for the building(s) into cost targets for each element of the building(s).

Answer 132

- Pile mat - Piling plant - Moving pile rig into position - Piles (type, diameter, depth) - Extra for casings (material, permanent/temp, depth - Disposal for excavated material - Extra for breaking through obstructions - Cutting off tops of piles and preparing piling heads/caps

Answer 133

Include: piles, caissons, mats and platforms, rigs, disposal, caps, ground beams, disposal of excavated material, surface water Exclude: piles and caissons forming retaining wall, dewatering, soil stabilisation

Answer 134

Pad = Nr Strip = m Excavation = m3

Answer 135

Identified seperately

Answer 136

Vertical screening = m2 Horizontal screening = m

Answer 137

External shutters, integral to blinds to windows, canopies and the like, providing protection to windows and doors (included in windows and external doors)

Answer 138

- External wall - EO (extra over) for plinths/cornice/ornamental bands - EO for quoin - EO for openings (windows/doors) with size details - EO PVC panels on curtain walling - EO vents - EO Safety barriers, handrails or combined balusters - Finishes to external walls

Answer 139

No External wall measured in total with number of openings included as EO

Answer 140

Parapets, chimneys, copings, cappings, columns and beams in unframed structures, curtain walling, masonry, concrete walls..

Answer 141

Structural beams and columns, structural concrete walls/core walls, roof structures, windows and doors, walls and railing to external walkways, scaffolding

Quantification and Costing of Construction Works Flashcards

(169 cards)