Quant Med II: Final Exam

Question 1

Number needed to treat AKA

Answer 1

NNT

Question 2

Quiz 1: Question 1

Answer 2

Question 3

Quiz 1: Question 2

Answer 3

Question 4

Quiz 1: Question 3

Answer 4

Question 5

Quiz 1: Question 4

Answer 5

Question 6

Quiz 1: Question 5

Answer 6

Question 7

Quiz 2: Question 1

Answer 7

Question 8

Quiz 2: Question 2

Answer 8

Question 9

Quiz 2: Question 3

Answer 9

Question 10

Quiz 2: Question 4

Answer 10

Question 11

Quiz 2: Question 5

Answer 11

Question 12

Quiz 3: Question 1

Answer 12

Question 13

Quiz 3: Question 2

Answer 13

Question 14

Quiz 3: Question 3

Answer 14

Question 15

Quiz 3: Question 4

Answer 15

Question 16

Quiz 3: Question 5

Answer 16

Question 17

Quiz 3: Question 6

Answer 17

Question 18

Quiz 4: Question 1

Answer 18

Question 19

Quiz 4: Question 2

Answer 19

Question 20

Quiz 4: Question 3

Answer 20

Question 21

Quiz 4: Question 4

Answer 21

Question 22

Quiz 4: Question 5

Answer 22

Question 23

Quiz 5: Question 1

Answer 23

Question 24

Quiz 5: Question 2

Answer 24

Question 25

Quiz 5: Question 3

Answer 25

Question 26

Quiz 5: Question 4

Answer 26

Question 27

Quiz 5: Question 5

Answer 27

Question 28

Quiz 6: Question 1

Answer 28

Question 29

Quiz 6: Question 2

Answer 29

Question 30

Quiz 6: Question 3

Answer 30

Question 31

Quiz 6: Question 4

Answer 31

Question 32

Quiz 6: Question 5

Answer 32

Question 33

Quiz 7: Question 1

Answer 33

Question 34

Quiz 7: Question 2

Answer 34

Question 35

Quiz 7: Question 3

Answer 35

Question 36

Quiz 7: Question 4

Answer 36

Question 37

Quiz 7: Question 5

A. 0.6

B. 0.8

C. 1.3

D. 1.6

Answer 37

D. 1.6

Question 38

Quiz 8: Question 1

Answer 38

Question 39

Quiz 8: Question 2

Answer 39

Question 40

Quiz 8: Question 3

Answer 40

Question 41

Quiz 8: Question 4

Answer 41

Question 42

Quiz 8: Question 5

Answer 42

Question 43

Quiz 8: Question 6

Answer 43

Question 44

Quiz 9: Question 1

Answer 44

Question 45

Quiz 9: Question 2

Answer 45

Question 46

Quiz 9: Question 3

Answer 46

Question 47

Quiz 9: Question 4

Answer 47

Question 48

Quiz 9: Question 5

Answer 48

Question 49

Quiz 9: Question 6

Answer 49

Question 50

Quiz 9: Question 7

Answer 50

Question 51

Quiz 9: Question 8

Answer 51

Question 52

Quiz 9: Question 9

Answer 52

Question 53

Quiz 9: Question 10

Answer 53

Question 54

Quiz 10: Question 1

Answer 54

Question 55

Quiz 10: Question 2

Answer 55

Question 56

Quiz 10: Question 3

Answer 56

Question 57

Quiz 10: Question 4

Answer 57

Question 58

Quiz 10: Question 5

Answer 58

Question 59

Quiz 11: Question 1

Answer 59

Question 60

Quiz 11: Question 2

Answer 60

Question 61

Quiz 11: Question 3

Answer 61

Question 62

Quiz 11: Question 4

Answer 62

Question 63

Quiz 11: Question 5

Answer 63

Question 64

Quiz 12: Question 1

Answer 64

Question 65

Quiz 12: Question 2

Answer 65

Question 66

Quiz 12: Question 3

Answer 66

Question 67

Quiz 12: Question 4

Answer 67

Question 68

Quiz 12: Question 5

Answer 68

Question 69

Quiz 13: Question 1

Answer 69

Question 70

Quiz 13: Question 2

Answer 70

Question 71

Quiz 13: Question 3

Answer 71

Question 72

Quiz 13: Question 4

Answer 72

Question 73

Quiz 13: Question 5

Answer 73

Question 74

Quiz 14: Question 1

Answer 74

Question 75

Quiz 14: Question 2

Answer 75

Question 76

Quiz 14: Question 3

Answer 76

Question 77

Quiz 14: Question 4

Answer 77

Question 78

Quiz 14: Question 5

Answer 78

Question 79

What is a surrogate outcome?

Answer 79

A surrogate endpoint is a physical measurement of a specific outcome which is considered to be a valid predictor (or representative) of the real outcome or final result. In simple words, a surrogate endpoint is like a measurable indicator that can help us know what the real result is.

Question 80

What is a clinical outcome?

Answer 80

Clinical outcomes are broadly agreed, measurable changes in health or quality of life that result from our care. Constant review of our clinical outcomes establishes standards against which to continuously improve all aspects of our practice

Question 81

What is a composite outcome?

Answer 81

Composite outcomes, in which multiple end points are combined, are frequently used as primary outcome measures in randomized trials and are often associated with increased statistical efficiency. However, such measures may prove challenging for the interpretation of results

Question 82

What is a secondary outcome?

Answer 82

SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE. A planned outcome measure in the protocol that is not as important as the primary outcome measure, but is still of interest in evaluating the effect of an intervention. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure

Question 83

What is a primary outcome?

Answer 83

The primary outcome measure is the outcome that an investigator considers to be the most important among the many outcomes that are to be examined in the study. The primary outcome needs to be defined at the time the study is designed

Question 84

What is lead time bias?

Answer 84

Differences in survival time for screened and non-screened patients resulting from bias; screening test mistakenly shows survival benefit - detects less aggressive conditions

• screening does not improve mortality
• Example - prostate specific antigen (PSA) screen asymptomatic men for pre-clinically detectable prostate cancer
• “living longer with the diagnosis
• Avoided with screening RCTs

Question 85

What is length time bias?

Answer 85

Question 86

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 86

perception of being observed will alter behavior of subjects

Question 87

What is surveillance bias?

Answer 87

• two populations are not assessed in the same way
• differences in collection and measurement of outcomes between populations

Question 88

What is information bias?

Answer 88

Recall bias is an example

bias from errors in the collection of information

Question 89

What is selection bias?

Answer 89

differential selection of cases and controls or exposed and unexposed that obscures or exagerrates a causal association

Question 90

What is publication bias?

Answer 90

decision to publish study influences by direction of study results, typically negative results (no association or OR/RR = 1.0) less likely to be published, measured in systematic reviews with funnel plots

Question 91

What is confounding?

Answer 91

Question 92

How is confounding controlled?

Answer 92

Question 93

What are systematic reviews?

Answer 93

Question 94

What are narrative reviews?

Answer 94

Question 95

Describe meta-analyses

Answer 95

Question 96

Describe features of an RCT

Answer 96

Question 97

Describe features of cohort studies

Answer 97

Question 98

Describe features of case-control study design

Answer 98

Question 99

Describe various categories of study designs

Answer 99

Question 100

How to judge the strength of an association

Answer 100

Question 101

Describe the relative risk plot

Answer 101

Question 102

How to interpret RR or OR reduction or increase?

Answer 102

Question 103

Odds ratio (RR)

Answer 103

Question 104

Contingency table

Answer 104

Question 105

Measures of epidemiology

Answer 105

Question 106

Describe an unadjusted odds ratio

Answer 106

Question 107

Describe an adjusted odds ratio

Answer 107

Question 108

Describe odds ratio

Answer 108

Question 109

Describe logistic regression

Answer 109

Question 110

Identify features of linear regression

Answer 110

Question 111

Identify more features of linear regression

Answer 111

Question 112

Identify number needed to treat equations

Answer 112

Question 113

How to calculate absolute risk in the treatment group

Answer 113

Question 114

How to calculate absolute risk in the control group

Answer 114

Question 115

How to calculate absolute risk reduction?

Answer 115

Question 116

How to calculate number needed to treat

Answer 116

Question 117

How to calculate relative risk?

Answer 117

Question 118

Calculations of number needed to treat

Answer 118