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Quantitative Medicine > Quant Med II: Final Exam > Flashcards

Quant Med II: Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Number needed to treat AKA

A

NNT

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2
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13
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14
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15
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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32
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33
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34
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35
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36
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37
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Quiz 7: Question 5

A. 0.6

B. 0.8

C. 1.3

D. 1.6

A

D. 1.6

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38
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39
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40
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41
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42
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43
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44
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45
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54
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55
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56
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57
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58
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59
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63
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64
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65
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66
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67
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68
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69
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70
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71
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72
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73
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74
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75
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76
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77
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78
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79
Q

What is a surrogate outcome?

A

A surrogate endpoint is a physical measurement of a specific outcome which is considered to be a valid predictor (or representative) of the real outcome or final result. In simple words, a surrogate endpoint is like a measurable indicator that can help us know what the real result is.

80
Q

What is a clinical outcome?

A

Clinical outcomes are broadly agreed, measurable changes in health or quality of life that result from our care. Constant review of our clinical outcomes establishes standards against which to continuously improve all aspects of our practice

81
Q

What is a composite outcome?

A

Composite outcomes, in which multiple end points are combined, are frequently used as primary outcome measures in randomized trials and are often associated with increased statistical efficiency. However, such measures may prove challenging for the interpretation of results

82
Q

What is a secondary outcome?

A

SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE. A planned outcome measure in the protocol that is not as important as the primary outcome measure, but is still of interest in evaluating the effect of an intervention. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure

83
Q

What is a primary outcome?

A

The primary outcome measure is the outcome that an investigator considers to be the most important among the many outcomes that are to be examined in the study. The primary outcome needs to be defined at the time the study is designed

84
Q

What is lead time bias?

A

Differences in survival time for screened and non-screened patients resulting from bias; screening test mistakenly shows survival benefit - detects less aggressive conditions

  • screening does not improve mortality
  • Example - prostate specific antigen (PSA) screen asymptomatic men for pre-clinically detectable prostate cancer
  • “living longer with the diagnosis
  • Avoided with screening RCTs
85
Q

What is length time bias?

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86
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

perception of being observed will alter behavior of subjects

87
Q

What is surveillance bias?

A
  • two populations are not assessed in the same way
  • differences in collection and measurement of outcomes between populations
88
Q

What is information bias?

A

Recall bias is an example

bias from errors in the collection of information

89
Q

What is selection bias?

A

differential selection of cases and controls or exposed and unexposed that obscures or exagerrates a causal association

90
Q

What is publication bias?

A

decision to publish study influences by direction of study results, typically negative results (no association or OR/RR = 1.0) less likely to be published, measured in systematic reviews with funnel plots

91
Q

What is confounding?

A
92
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How is confounding controlled?

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93
Q

What are systematic reviews?

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94
Q

What are narrative reviews?

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95
Q

Describe meta-analyses

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96
Q

Describe features of an RCT

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97
Q

Describe features of cohort studies

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98
Q

Describe features of case-control study design

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99
Q

Describe various categories of study designs

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100
Q

How to judge the strength of an association

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101
Q

Describe the relative risk plot

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102
Q

How to interpret RR or OR reduction or increase?

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103
Q

Odds ratio (RR)

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104
Q

Contingency table

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105
Q

Measures of epidemiology

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106
Q

Describe an unadjusted odds ratio

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107
Q

Describe an adjusted odds ratio

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108
Q

Describe odds ratio

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109
Q

Describe logistic regression

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110
Q

Identify features of linear regression

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111
Q

Identify more features of linear regression

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112
Q

Identify number needed to treat equations

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113
Q

How to calculate absolute risk in the treatment group

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114
Q

How to calculate absolute risk in the control group

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115
Q

How to calculate absolute risk reduction?

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116
Q

How to calculate number needed to treat

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117
Q

How to calculate relative risk?

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118
Q

Calculations of number needed to treat

A

Quantitative Medicine (2 decks)

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