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Quality Flashcards

1
Q

Quality characteristics classifying the product as conforming or nonconforming are what type?

A

Attributes

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2
Q

Attributes charts are generally more informative than variables charts because there is more information classifying a unit as conforming or nonconforming.

A

False

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3
Q

In the design matrix, the product of any two columns results in what?

A

A column in the table

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4
Q

The goal of any experimental design is to express the relationship between main effects and response as a quantitative model such as what?

A

Regression Model

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5
Q

What is a key characteristic important to the customers perception of quality is called?

A

Critical to Quality Characteristic

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6
Q

Which of the following is not one of the SPIOC process analysis?

A

Project

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7
Q

Which of the following is not one of the primary analytic tools used in Quality Improvement?

A

Circuit Design

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8
Q

Who popularized continuous quality improvement by promoting the PDCA cycle?

A

W. Edwards Deming

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9
Q

The Total Cost of Quality (CoQ) is defined by which choice?

A

Cost of Poor Quality + Prevention Costs + Appraisal Costs

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10
Q

The Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers established the first prize for quality named after what prominent influencer?

A

Deming

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11
Q

Deming’s 14 points were often cited as transformational quality improvement approaches. Which one of the following is not one of the 14 points?

A

Quality is Free

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12
Q

When estimating the sigma level, when do we use the 1.5 x Sigma shift?

A

Short term v Long term measurements

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13
Q

The rule characterizing processes less than 3 sigma is generally referred to as?

A

68-95-99.7

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14
Q

The standard deviation as an indication of?

A

Spread

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15
Q

If 100 Units enter a process, and 95 good units are produced as a an output, what is the First Time Yield?

A

95%

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16
Q

Lean production innovation began at what company?

A

Toyota

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17
Q

Lean production focuses on?

A

Reducing Waste

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18
Q

Lean and Six Sigma are combined into a unified methodology call Lean Six-Sigma, which is focused on?

A

Reduce Waste and Reduce Variation

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19
Q

DMAIC is a structured problem solving process associated with six sigma methodology.

A

True

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20
Q

DMAIC stands for?

A

Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control

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21
Q

The equation Y=f(x) is referred to in Lean Six Sigma terms as?

A

Breakthrough Equation

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22
Q

In lean six sigma, anything that does not increase value in the eye of the customer must be considered?

A

Mude

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23
Q

In the lean six-sigma approach, Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a tool used to prioritize potential sources of variability, failures, errors or defects in of what DMAIC phase?

A

Analyze

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24
Q

The define phase of DMAIC often includes the following characterization.

A

SPIOC

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25
Q

Which of the following is not part of the 5S method?

A

Simplfy

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26
Q

Who pioneered Lean production by characterizing 7 forms of “Muda” or waste?

A

Taiichi Ohno

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27
Q

Which of the following is not one of the forms of waste addressed with Lean Six Sigma?

A

Production

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28
Q

What DMAIC phase is critical data typically gathered for use in lean six-sigma projects?

A

Measure

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29
Q

Statistical methods such as hypothesis testing, control charts, ANOVA, Regression, etc. are extremely important tools that a primarily used in this DMAIC phase.

A

Analyze

30
Q

Kaizen is a methodology embraced within lean six sigma and is characterized by gradual incremental improvements and using input from the workers to make improvement. What does the Japanese word Kaizen mean in English?

A

Good Change

31
Q

When formulating improvements using the DMAIC methodology which statistical tool can be very usefull?

A

Design of Experiments

32
Q

What is a primary statistical tool used in the control phase of DMAIC?

A

Control Charts

33
Q

At what phase of the DMAIC process is a process redesign likely to take place?

A

Improvement

34
Q

What data is most likely to be collected in the define phase?

A

Voice of the customer

35
Q

One very useful graphical method in statistics characterized by breaking the data into two parts, one part with the leading digit and the second part with the remaining digits is called a?

A

Steam-and-Leaf plot

36
Q

The sample median of a distribution is also know as?

A

Fiftieth Percentile
2nd Quartile

37
Q

The interquartile range, or IQR, is computed as?

A

Q3-Q1

38
Q

Bar charts and histogram are the same chart?

A

fALSE

39
Q

When a parameter being measured can only take on certain values, such as integers 0,1,2 …, what is the probability distribution called?

A

Discrete Distribution

40
Q

A collection of measurements selected from some larger measurements is called what?

A

Sample

41
Q

What is the distribution commonly used to model the number of defects or nonconformities that occur in a unit of product?

A

Poisson

42
Q

In a Binomial distribution we fix the sample size (number of Bernoulli trials) and observe the number of successes, with what distribution do we fix the number of successes and observed the sample size required to achieve them?

A

Negative Binomial

43
Q

What is the probability that the normal random variable is less than some value?

A

Cumulative Normal Distribution

44
Q

What distribution has a shape parameter r, and a scale parameter λ and appears visually similar to this diagram?

A

Gamma

45
Q

What distribution has a parameter β, reduces to the Exponential distribution when β = 1, and appears as shown below?

A

Weibull

46
Q

What distribution approximates the Binomial Distribution where the number of trials n is large?

A

Normal

47
Q

If x is a standard normal random variable and if y is a chi-square random variable with k degrees of freedom, and x and y are independent, then what distribution does the following random variable have?

random variable ~ x/sqrt(y/k)

A

T-Distribution

48
Q

If w and y are two independent chi-square random variable with u and v degrees of freedom respectively, then what is the distribution of the following?

random variable ~ (w/u)/(y/v)

A

F-Distribution

49
Q

In hypothesis testing, the set of values of the test statistic leading to rejection of the null hypothesis is called what?

A

Critical Region

50
Q

(Inference on the mean of a distribution with the variance unknown)

Consider the random variable x, with unknown mean μ and known variance σ2 .

Suppose that a random sample of n observations is taken, e.g. x1, x2, … , xn and we compute x¯.

Then a 100(1-α)% two sided Confidence Interval of μ is based on what distribution?

x¯ = Z α/2 σ/sqrt(n) ≤ μ ≤ x¯ + Z α/2 σ/sqrt(n)

A

Standard Normal Distribution

51
Q

What value is the smallest level of significance that would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis?

A

p-value

52
Q

(Inference on the Variance of Two Normal Distributions)

Consider the hypothesis that the variances of two independent normal distributions are equal. If we construct a test with the ratio of the two variances what distribution is used for the test statistic?

A

F-Distribution

53
Q

Any regression model is a linear model so long as it is linear in what parameters?

A

Betas

54
Q

Regression is a useful technique in quality engineering reflected in the model:

y = β0 + β1 x1 + β2 x2 + ϵ

In this model what does β0 represent?

A

Intercept of the Plane

55
Q

Regression is a useful technique in quality engineering reflected in the model:

y = β0 + β1 x1 + β2 x2 + ϵ

In this model what does y represent?

A

Response Variable

56
Q

What statistical analysis technique is used two compare the means when there are more than two levels of a single factor?

A

ANOVA

57
Q

We may describe the single factor model observations as a linear statistical model

yij = μ + τij + ϵij for i = 1,2,…,a and j = 1,2,…, n

What does ϵ represent

A

Random Error

58
Q

What are levels of factors sometimes called?

A

Treatments

59
Q

A control chart will detect what type of out of control cause?

A

Assignable Cause

60
Q

In addition to Control Limits, limits are sometimes added at +/- 2 Sigma known as what?

A

Warning Limits

61
Q

The X-bar charts computes control limits using an estimate of sigma based on the Range average; SigmaHat = Rbar/Constant, where the Constant varies by the number of observations and is looked up in the Appendix; that constant is what?

A

d2

62
Q

The control chart for the fraction nonconforming is called what?

A

p chart

63
Q

A control chart for nonconformities per unit is what?

A

u chart

64
Q

The Shewhart control chart is effective in detecting shifts in the process if the magnitude of the shift is what?

A

1.5 sigma or larger

65
Q

The CSUM control chart is very effective in detecting small shifts however not as effective as the Shewhart chart in detecting large shifts. An approach to improving the ability of the CSUM control chart to detect large process shifts is to use what?

A

Combined CSUM & Shewhart

66
Q

The weights of the EWMA tend to decline in what way with time?

A

Geometrically

67
Q

A process having many variables may be in statistical control but still has poor capability. In order to establish which variables are most important a valuable in improving process capability is what technique?

A

Design of Experiments

68
Q

Experimental design may be used in the process of Engineering Design in all of the following except which one?

A

Determining schedule delays

69
Q

As the number of factors in a 2^k design increases, the number of runs required increases rapidly. If we can assume a principle of Sparsity of Effects where higher order interactions are negligible, then a more efficient technique using fewer than 2^k runs can be used, is known as what?

A

Fractional Factorial

70
Q

A one half fraction of the 2^k factorial design contains how many runs?

A

k-1

71
Q

During a validation, you’re having to build hundreds of samples to satisfy the requirements in the validation protocol. This requires you to constantly start and stop the automated equipment to take samples from the line. A maintenance technician suggests that you bypass the safety curtain around your equipment to speed up the process. What element of the code of ethics might be in violation here?

A

Responsibility

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