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302 SBM: Research methodologies > Qualitative research > Flashcards

Qualitative research Flashcards

1
Q

What is qualitative research?

A
  • Attempts to make sense of phenomena in termsof the meanings that people bring to them
  • Addresses beliefs and processes
  • Its exploratory (what?why?how? as opposed to “how many?)
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2
Q

State 5 benefits of qualitative research

A
  • Depth and detail
  • Patient centred agenda
  • Openness in possible responses
  • Avoids pre-judgements
  • No need for a restrictive hypothesis; can use study to generate new hypotheses
  • Can inform quantitative studies
  • More meaning than just numbers
  • Provides information for concepts we lack understanding
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3
Q

State 5 drawbacks of qualitative research

A
  • Highly subjective results
  • Had to make generalisations
  • Cannot compare groups
  • Transcription and analysis can be time consuming
  • Uses fewer participants due to the difficulty in analysing rich data
  • Complexities in the data can make results difficult to present
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4
Q

Give three examples of qualitative data

A
  • Open answers on questionnaire
  • Patient voices in interviews
  • Viewpoints of clinicians
  • Media reports
  • Policy documents
  • Historical records
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5
Q

What are the differences between qualitative and quantitative methods in the following parameters:

a) Social theory
b) Methods
c) Question
d) Reasoning
e) Sampling method
f) Strength

A 
a) Qualitative: Action
Quantitative: Structure
b) Qualitative: Observation, interview; Quantitative: Equipment, survey
c) Qualitative: What is X? (classification); Quantitative: How many Xs? (Enumeration
d) Qualitative: Inductive
Quantitative: Deductive
e) Qualitative: Theoretical 
Quantitative: Statistical
f) Qualitative: Validity; 
Quantitative: Reliability
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6
Q

Describe step 1 in planning and carrying out a qualitative study.

A

FORMULATING THE RESEARCH QUESTION

  • Clarify specific aims
  • Is the question suitable for qualitative methods
  • Hot v cold cognition
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7
Q

What are the 4 main methods of qualitative research

A
  • Observation
  • Textual analysis/ analysis of documents
  • Focus groups
  • Interviews
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8
Q

Describe observation as a method for qualitative research

A
  • The researcher is immersed in the social setting being studied
  • Observe and listen to participants to gain appreciation of the culture of the group
  • Aim: gather first hand information about social processes in a ‘naturally occurring’ process
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9
Q

Describe textual analysis as a method for qualitative research

Define the 4 aims

A
  • Looks at historical writings/images, interprets pages and forums, adverts, newspapers, social media

Aims

  1. Discourse analysis- understand how language is used
  2. Narrative analysis- how stories/public opinion develops over time
  3. Content analysis- looking for bias and deviations from the truth
  4. Phenomenological analysis- understanding patients live experiences and how they make meaning of it
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10
Q

Describe focus groups as a method for qualitative research

A
  • 8-10 participants
  • Group discussion on specific topics
  • Often a series of focus groups conducted
  • Led by moderator
  • Tape recorded and transcribed
  • Describe observation as a method for qualitative research
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11
Q

What are the three types of interviews?

A
  1. Structured- e.g. reading out a questionnaire
  2. Semi-structured- useful for exploring specific aspects of a phenomenon; a series of open ended questions
  3. Unstructured/in depth
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12
Q

What factors should be considered for selecting and recruiting a sample?

A
  • What is the purpose of research?
  • Resources available
  • Time available
  • Access to population
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13
Q

Instead of using sample size calculations for qualitative samples, information power and data saturation are considered. Describe these terms

A

Data saturation- no new themes emerging when new participants analysed

Information power- the more information the sample holds, relevant for the actual study, the lower amount of participants is needed

Describe focus groups as a method for qualitative research

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14
Q

How do you design an interview schedule ?

A
  • Think of broad areas for interview
  • Make questions relevant to research question
  • Criticise/modify
  • Think of possible prompts
  • Questions should be neutral, open ended and avoid jargon
  • Pilot study and make amendments
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15
Q

Give 5 tips for data collection

A
  • Quiet and comfortable setting
  • Consider how respondents perceive you
  • Have a schedule but use it as a guide
  • Build rapport by starting informal conversation
  • Pay attention and use body language
  • Be patient, dont rush or interpret
  • Show understanding
  • Gain depth to interview: reflective listening and asking for more detail
  • Record interviews !
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16
Q

State 3 things that can be done to manage data?

A
  • Label recordings with participant numbers not names
  • Keep consent forms in a locked drawer
  • In transcription, remove identifiers and replace them with loose decriptions e.g. doctor
  • Save all files using participant numbers not names
  • Back up files with password protected storage
  • Once backed up delete files from phone
17
Q

What are the 5 stages of framework analysis?

A
  1. Familiarisation
  2. Identifying a thematic framework
  3. Indexing
  4. Charting
  5. Mapping and interpretation
18
Q

Describe stage 1: Familiarisation of Framework analysis

A
  • Immersion in the data
  • Listening to recordings
  • Reading transcripts
  • Studying observational notes
19
Q

Describe stage 2: Identifying a thematic framework, of framework analysis

A
  • Identify key issues, concepts, themes
  • Draw upon a priori issues, emergent issues raised by respondents, themes arising from patterns of views
  • label data in manageable “bites” for subsequent analysis
20
Q

Describe stage 4: Charting for Framework analysis

A
  • Group together data from transcripts according to the appropriate theme
  • To view the data as a whole
  • Passages of text are summarised or entered directly and references
21
Q

Describe stage 5: Mapping & interpretation of Framework analysis

A
  • review charts and research notes
  • compare and contrast perceptions, accounts, experiences
  • search for patterns and connections and their explanations
  • weigh up salience and dynamics of issues
22
Q

What are the benefits of framework analysis?

A
  • Dynamic
  • Systematic
  • Allows between and within case analysis
23
Q

Define validity

A
  • Whether the research truly measures that which it was intended to measure, or how “truthful” the results are
24
Q

State 4 ways in which you can evaluate validity

A
  • Triangulation
  • Respondent validation
  • Further interviews or focus groups
  • Subsequent analysis/independent assessment

302 SBM: Research methodologies (5 decks)

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