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Nursing Knowledge and Research > Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Qualitative Research Flashcards

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1
Q

describe what qualitative research is

A

focuses on the everyday lives of people, interested in social worlds and studying the ‘other’

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2
Q

where does qualitative research originate from?

A

anthropology

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3
Q

what are the strengths of qualitative research?

A

good for information that there is not much knowledge of or can’t be measured in a meaningful way.
collects rich data
gives an holistic approach

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4
Q

what is an ‘emic’ perspective?

A

the view of the insider - explores experiences and feelings

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5
Q

what is Constructivism?

A

the theory that we construct our social worlds

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6
Q

what is Reality?

A

the theory that human activity constructs the properties of our world - it didn’t exist before its social invention

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7
Q

what is interpretation in relation to qualitative research?

A

closely related to social construction
we interpret events in our lives and we all do this differently even if we have witnessed or participated in the same event

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8
Q

how is data collected in qualitative research?

A

observation

interview

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9
Q

what are the main features of qualitative research?

A

explores experiences and feelings
explores how these experiences and feelings are interpreted by individuals
explores how interpretation change over time

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10
Q

name the three main methodologies of qualitative research

A

ethnography
phenomenology
grounded theory

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11
Q

what is ethnography?

A

the study of culture - unwritten rules and interactions of people within that culture

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12
Q

what is phenomenology?

A

the study of phenomena - lived experiences of individuals (av. number of participants less than 10)

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13
Q

describe grounded theory

A

specific set of methods
aims to generate a theory
a hypothesis generated which can be tested

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14
Q

what is a theory?

A

a set of ideas about how something might work

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15
Q

what are the limitations of qualitative research?

A

is not generalizable

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16
Q

what is a sample in qualitative research?

A

deliberately biased - finds people who will give the richest data on the research subject
people who have experienced a particular phenomena
people who are knowledgeable, articulate and reflective

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17
Q

is a sample in qualitative research large or small?

A

small (30-40 in ethnography and grounded theory, less than 10 in phenomenology)

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18
Q

name and explain some types of sampling in qualitative research

A

convenience sampling - they are easy and efficient but not ideal
snowball sampling - can ask participants for others with similar experience
purposive sampling - selecting those who will be most informative

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19
Q

what is maximum variation sampling?

A

an type of purposive sampling which represents the group a whole

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20
Q

what is homogenous sampling?

A

when you want to focus on a particular group

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21
Q

in which methodology is theoretical sampling used?

A

grounded theory - used to find participants who will help generate a theory

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22
Q

what is data saturation and how is it determined?

A

sampling stops when enough data has been collected to describe or explain the issue. Data saturation is determined when no new ideas emerge

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23
Q

is it possible to generalise qualitative research?

A

no - but it many be possible to transfer the findings to other settings

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24
Q

what happens during an observation?

A

the researcher observes and records what is seen - field notes can be taken but also video or audio recording could be used too

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25
Q

what are the benefits of observation?

A

helpful for exploring things which are hard to articulate

exploring behaviours and dynamic

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26
Q

what are the benefits of interviewing?

A

exploring individual perceptions of culture or phenomena

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27
Q

are questions in interviews structured?

A

no - an interview guide is used to guide the interview but questions evolve and are not asked in the same order
questions can change over time to test a theory

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28
Q

what skills are used during the interview?

A

active listening skills, prompts, probes and open questions

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29
Q

what question should be avoided during interviews?

A 
long questions - difficult to follow
closed questions
double questions
using jargon or unfamiliar terms
leading questions - suggest a positive or negative response
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30
Q

what are the benefits of interviewing using a focus group?

A

useful if topic is sensitive or where you wish to encourage discussion or avoid confrontation

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31
Q

what is the optimal size of a focus group?

A

8-10

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32
Q

what are the key things to remember when managing a focus group?

A

encourage discussion
keep on track
encourage quiet participants
manage dominant participants

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33
Q

what is the purpose of qualitative data analysis?

A

to reduce data - from large transcripts to more manageable data

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34
Q

name the 3 ways in which qualitative data can be analysed

A

describe data
develop theory
develop hypotheses for other research

35
Q

what is concurrent data analysis?

A

analysing data throughout the research - this can then influence questions asked in subsequent interviews

36
Q

what is the term used for concurrent data analysis in grounded theory?

A

constant comparative theory - hypotheses developed and then tested in subsequent interviews

37
Q

can qualitative data be quantified like quantitative data?

A

yes - e.g. number of times a certain thing was said or number of times an individual contributed

38
Q

why might counting be useful in qualitative research?

A

focuses researcher on what is in the data

encourages rigour and honesty

39
Q

what is quaisi counting?

A

using language which approximates the numbers involves - eg. all, some said, majority or most

40
Q

what difficulties may there be with qualitative data analysis?

A

no hard and fast rules
no statistical packages
data difficult to describe
presentation tricky

41
Q

why is the presentation of qualitative data tricky?

A

can’t reduce too much
easy to lose a sense of what was said
lots of data - v. long

42
Q

why was grounded theory introduced?

A

as a systematic approach which was more transparent unlike past research

43
Q

why would the researcher check transcripts against recordings of interviews?

A

to make the research more transparent

44
Q

how can data from qualitative research be make easily accessible?

A

developing a method to index material

45
Q

name some programmes which enable data to be indexed and mapped

A

NVivo, Atlas Ti

46
Q

describe the process of thematic content analysis

A

identify common themes in data - by go through transcript line by line

47
Q

describe the process of framework analysis

A

a framework of categories is used to put data into

48
Q

were do the categories in the framework used in framework analysis come from?

A

existing theory

initial thematic analysis of data

49
Q

why is framework analysis used?

A

improved rigour and transparency

50
Q

in thematic content analysis what does coding refer to?

A

themes are given a code - a word or phrase that encapsulates extracts of data within that theme eg. ‘didactic approach’

51
Q

what are the codes used for in thematic content analysis?

A

codes are collapsed into categories - reducing data to something managable

52
Q

what is meant by ‘interrogating the data’?

A

scrutinise data

  • do certain themes only apply to a particular group or at a certain time
  • analysis negative case - why are they different?
53
Q

how do researchers validate their analysis?

A

multiple researchers check data

check back with participants

54
Q

what is member checking?

A

asking participants to check that what has emerged was representative of what happened in the interview

55
Q

what potential difficulties might arise with member checking?

A

analysis is interpretive - no one right or wrong view

56
Q

what must the researcher be able to do in the final stages to achieve a good piece of research?

A

inter-relate themes to tell a story - needs creativity and intellect
rigour of researcher

57
Q

where might qualitative research be published?

A

often book as often long but can be paper

58
Q

how is a piece of qualitative data presented?

A

logical journey through data

typically quotes followed by some analysis

59
Q

why is qualitative research regarded by some as less scientific than quantitative research?

A

small size
lack of clarity in reporting data collection and analysis
lack of position on hierarchy of evidence

60
Q

how could qualitative research be described as scientific?

A

systematic

methodical - when well conducted

61
Q

why is repeatability often unimportant in qualitative research?

A

studies are context bound

62
Q

what term is used in qualitative research instead of rigour?

A

trustworthiness

63
Q

what term is used in qualitative research instead of reliability?

A

dependability

64
Q

what term is used in qualitative research instead of validity?

A

credibility

65
Q

what term is used in qualitative research instead of generalizability?

A

transferability

66
Q

what term is used in qualitative research instead of objectivity?

A

confirmability

67
Q

what is trustworthiness of qualitative research?

A

methodological soundness and adquency

68
Q

in qualitative research which terms refer to internal and external validity?

A

internal - credibility

external - transferablity

69
Q

what is dependability of qualitative research?

A

findings are consistent and accurate - context must be described to achieve this

70
Q

what is the purpose of an audit trail?

A

reader can follow path of researcher and see how conclusions were reached
helps to carry out similar studies

71
Q

how can credibility be proved?

A

participants recognise researcher’s interpretation

72
Q

what is transferability?

A

findings can be transferred to similar contexts

73
Q

what is confirmability?

A

it can be shown that conclusions are not the result of researchers preconceptions

74
Q

what is an audit trail?

A

data sources can be seen and traced to confirm researches conclusions

75
Q

name three ways in which researchers can ensure trustworthiness of the study

A

member checking
negative cases / rival explanations
peer review

76
Q

what is peer review?

A

asking another researcher to check raw data

77
Q

what is triangulation?

A

examining topic from different perpective

78
Q

name two types of triangulation used in qualitative research

A

data triangulation

methodological triangulation

79
Q

what is data triangulation?

A

use different groups, settings, times etc. to see if data produced is different

80
Q

what is methodological triangulation?

A

using two or more methods - eg. individual interview vs. group interview

81
Q

what is reflexivity?

A

degree to which research acknowledges their own biography and preconceptions and how this may influence the research - making allowances for this

82
Q

how can a piece of research show reflexivity?

A

providing large excerpts of data

show quotes from different particpants

83
Q

what is the CASP tool?

A

critically appraises qualitative research studies - common sense approach

84
Q

what are the 10 CASP questions?

A
  1. clear statement aims
  2. qualitative method appropriate?
  3. was design appropriate to address aims?
  4. recruitment strategy appropriate?
  5. data collected in a way that addressed issue?
  6. relationship between researcher and participants adequately considered?
  7. ethical issues taken into consideration?
  8. data analysis sufficiently rigorous?
  9. clear statement of findings
  10. how valuable is research - in terms of transferability, practice, policy, further research?

Nursing Knowledge and Research (2 decks)

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