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Qualitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

describe what qualitative research is

A

focuses on the everyday lives of people, interested in social worlds and studying the ‘other’

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2
Q

where does qualitative research originate from?

A

anthropology

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3
Q

what are the strengths of qualitative research?

A

good for information that there is not much knowledge of or can’t be measured in a meaningful way.
collects rich data
gives an holistic approach

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4
Q

what is an ‘emic’ perspective?

A

the view of the insider - explores experiences and feelings

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5
Q

what is Constructivism?

A

the theory that we construct our social worlds

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6
Q

what is Reality?

A

the theory that human activity constructs the properties of our world - it didn’t exist before its social invention

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7
Q

what is interpretation in relation to qualitative research?

A

closely related to social construction
we interpret events in our lives and we all do this differently even if we have witnessed or participated in the same event

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8
Q

how is data collected in qualitative research?

A

observation

interview

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9
Q

what are the main features of qualitative research?

A

explores experiences and feelings
explores how these experiences and feelings are interpreted by individuals
explores how interpretation change over time

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10
Q

name the three main methodologies of qualitative research

A

ethnography
phenomenology
grounded theory

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11
Q

what is ethnography?

A

the study of culture - unwritten rules and interactions of people within that culture

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12
Q

what is phenomenology?

A

the study of phenomena - lived experiences of individuals (av. number of participants less than 10)

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13
Q

describe grounded theory

A

specific set of methods
aims to generate a theory
a hypothesis generated which can be tested

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14
Q

what is a theory?

A

a set of ideas about how something might work

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15
Q

what are the limitations of qualitative research?

A

is not generalizable

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16
Q

what is a sample in qualitative research?

A

deliberately biased - finds people who will give the richest data on the research subject
people who have experienced a particular phenomena
people who are knowledgeable, articulate and reflective

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17
Q

is a sample in qualitative research large or small?

A

small (30-40 in ethnography and grounded theory, less than 10 in phenomenology)

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18
Q

name and explain some types of sampling in qualitative research

A

convenience sampling - they are easy and efficient but not ideal
snowball sampling - can ask participants for others with similar experience
purposive sampling - selecting those who will be most informative

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19
Q

what is maximum variation sampling?

A

an type of purposive sampling which represents the group a whole

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20
Q

what is homogenous sampling?

A

when you want to focus on a particular group

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21
Q

in which methodology is theoretical sampling used?

A

grounded theory - used to find participants who will help generate a theory

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22
Q

what is data saturation and how is it determined?

A

sampling stops when enough data has been collected to describe or explain the issue. Data saturation is determined when no new ideas emerge

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23
Q

is it possible to generalise qualitative research?

A

no - but it many be possible to transfer the findings to other settings

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24
Q

what happens during an observation?

A

the researcher observes and records what is seen - field notes can be taken but also video or audio recording could be used too

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25
what are the benefits of observation?
helpful for exploring things which are hard to articulate | exploring behaviours and dynamic
26
what are the benefits of interviewing?
exploring individual perceptions of culture or phenomena
27
are questions in interviews structured?
no - an interview guide is used to guide the interview but questions evolve and are not asked in the same order questions can change over time to test a theory
28
what skills are used during the interview?
active listening skills, prompts, probes and open questions
29
what question should be avoided during interviews?
``` long questions - difficult to follow closed questions double questions using jargon or unfamiliar terms leading questions - suggest a positive or negative response ```
30
what are the benefits of interviewing using a focus group?
useful if topic is sensitive or where you wish to encourage discussion or avoid confrontation
31
what is the optimal size of a focus group?
8-10
32
what are the key things to remember when managing a focus group?
encourage discussion keep on track encourage quiet participants manage dominant participants
33
what is the purpose of qualitative data analysis?
to reduce data - from large transcripts to more manageable data
34
name the 3 ways in which qualitative data can be analysed
describe data develop theory develop hypotheses for other research
35
what is concurrent data analysis?
analysing data throughout the research - this can then influence questions asked in subsequent interviews
36
what is the term used for concurrent data analysis in grounded theory?
constant comparative theory - hypotheses developed and then tested in subsequent interviews
37
can qualitative data be quantified like quantitative data?
yes - e.g. number of times a certain thing was said or number of times an individual contributed
38
why might counting be useful in qualitative research?
focuses researcher on what is in the data | encourages rigour and honesty
39
what is quaisi counting?
using language which approximates the numbers involves - eg. all, some said, majority or most
40
what difficulties may there be with qualitative data analysis?
no hard and fast rules no statistical packages data difficult to describe presentation tricky
41
why is the presentation of qualitative data tricky?
can't reduce too much easy to lose a sense of what was said lots of data - v. long
42
why was grounded theory introduced?
as a systematic approach which was more transparent unlike past research
43
why would the researcher check transcripts against recordings of interviews?
to make the research more transparent
44
how can data from qualitative research be make easily accessible?
developing a method to index material
45
name some programmes which enable data to be indexed and mapped
NVivo, Atlas Ti
46
describe the process of thematic content analysis
identify common themes in data - by go through transcript line by line
47
describe the process of framework analysis
a framework of categories is used to put data into
48
were do the categories in the framework used in framework analysis come from?
existing theory | initial thematic analysis of data
49
why is framework analysis used?
improved rigour and transparency
50
in thematic content analysis what does coding refer to?
themes are given a code - a word or phrase that encapsulates extracts of data within that theme eg. 'didactic approach'
51
what are the codes used for in thematic content analysis?
codes are collapsed into categories - reducing data to something managable
52
what is meant by 'interrogating the data'?
scrutinise data - do certain themes only apply to a particular group or at a certain time - analysis negative case - why are they different?
53
how do researchers validate their analysis?
multiple researchers check data | check back with participants
54
what is member checking?
asking participants to check that what has emerged was representative of what happened in the interview
55
what potential difficulties might arise with member checking?
analysis is interpretive - no one right or wrong view
56
what must the researcher be able to do in the final stages to achieve a good piece of research?
inter-relate themes to tell a story - needs creativity and intellect rigour of researcher
57
where might qualitative research be published?
often book as often long but can be paper
58
how is a piece of qualitative data presented?
logical journey through data | typically quotes followed by some analysis
59
why is qualitative research regarded by some as less scientific than quantitative research?
small size lack of clarity in reporting data collection and analysis lack of position on hierarchy of evidence
60
how could qualitative research be described as scientific?
systematic | methodical - when well conducted
61
why is repeatability often unimportant in qualitative research?
studies are context bound
62
what term is used in qualitative research instead of rigour?
trustworthiness
63
what term is used in qualitative research instead of reliability?
dependability
64
what term is used in qualitative research instead of validity?
credibility
65
what term is used in qualitative research instead of generalizability?
transferability
66
what term is used in qualitative research instead of objectivity?
confirmability
67
what is trustworthiness of qualitative research?
methodological soundness and adquency
68
in qualitative research which terms refer to internal and external validity?
internal - credibility | external - transferablity
69
what is dependability of qualitative research?
findings are consistent and accurate - context must be described to achieve this
70
what is the purpose of an audit trail?
reader can follow path of researcher and see how conclusions were reached helps to carry out similar studies
71
how can credibility be proved?
participants recognise researcher's interpretation
72
what is transferability?
findings can be transferred to similar contexts
73
what is confirmability?
it can be shown that conclusions are not the result of researchers preconceptions
74
what is an audit trail?
data sources can be seen and traced to confirm researches conclusions
75
name three ways in which researchers can ensure trustworthiness of the study
member checking negative cases / rival explanations peer review
76
what is peer review?
asking another researcher to check raw data
77
what is triangulation?
examining topic from different perpective
78
name two types of triangulation used in qualitative research
data triangulation | methodological triangulation
79
what is data triangulation?
use different groups, settings, times etc. to see if data produced is different
80
what is methodological triangulation?
using two or more methods - eg. individual interview vs. group interview
81
what is reflexivity?
degree to which research acknowledges their own biography and preconceptions and how this may influence the research - making allowances for this
82
how can a piece of research show reflexivity?
providing large excerpts of data | show quotes from different particpants
83
what is the CASP tool?
critically appraises qualitative research studies - common sense approach
84
what are the 10 CASP questions?
1. clear statement aims 2. qualitative method appropriate? 3. was design appropriate to address aims? 4. recruitment strategy appropriate? 5. data collected in a way that addressed issue? 6. relationship between researcher and participants adequately considered? 7. ethical issues taken into consideration? 8. data analysis sufficiently rigorous? 9. clear statement of findings 10. how valuable is research - in terms of transferability, practice, policy, further research?

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