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RM and DA > qualitative methods > Flashcards

qualitative methods Flashcards

1
Q

describe qualitative?

A
  • experiences, perceptions, motivations and intentions
  • described in words
  • situations
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2
Q

what are qualitative methods end goal?

A

for participants to provide reliable observations

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3
Q

what are examples or methods?

A
  1. semi-structured interviews
  2. focus group
  3. participant observation
  4. text/document analysis
  5. narrative reviews
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4
Q

what are the advantages of qualitative methods?

A
  1. provides human level of understanding
  2. explore different areas
  3. hear/understand P’s voices
  4. produces narrative/stories
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5
Q

limitations of methods?

A
  1. small samples
  2. time intensive
  3. less rigour (bias)
  4. researcher training
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6
Q

define nominal data

A
  • categorical
  • cannot be ordered or counted
    e.g. gender
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7
Q

define ordinal data

A
  • can be ordered
  • cannot be added or subtracted
    e.g spice level
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8
Q

what is the order (systems to methods in qualitative research?)

A

move from:
1. epistemology
2. theoretical perspective
3. methodology
4. method

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9
Q

define theoretical perspective

A

how the researcher, views the world and assumptions that you make about the nature of the world and reality

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10
Q

define epistemology

A

assumptions made about best way of investigating world and about reality

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11
Q

how do qualitative researchers see the world?

A
  • scientific laws created by people to fit view of reality
  • facts depend on viewpoint of observer
  • single truth
  • facts exist and can be revealed through experiments
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12
Q

risks for researchers?

A
  • might not be representative
  • not generalisable
  • come up with strategies for studies but need to bring in how socio-cultural-economic backgrounds
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13
Q

define methodology

A

strategy, plan of action, way to group together research techniques to make coherent picture

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14
Q

define methods

A
  • what you actually do
  • techniques and procedures used to gather and analyse data related to specific research question/hypothesis
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15
Q

relative ontologists believe best way to observe world…

A

is through observations of reality

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16
Q

social constructionist

A
  • researchers believing reality does not exist by itself but constructed and given meaning by people
  • focus on feelings, beliefs and thoughts
  • relativist ontology
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17
Q

positivists

A
  • best way to investigate world is through objective methods like observations
  • realistic ontology
18
Q

researchers influenced by ontology epistemology…

A
  • realists have positivist approach and gather quantitative sources of data
  • relativists have social constructionist approach and gather qualitative sources
19
Q

step by step quantitative approach

A
  • collect and analyse numerical data
  • tells difference but not why
  • variables controlled as much as possible (randomised control trials) to eliminate interference and measure effect of change
  • randomisation reduces subjective bias
  • words, pictures vids, audio
  • broader question rather than specific hypothetical and develop theory
20
Q

what are mixed method approaches?

A

when you mix qualitative methods with quantitative methods

21
Q

what matters in qualitative research?

A
  • flexible approach and able to change
  • is the data coded correctly
  • captured situation in realistic manner
  • described context in sufficient detail
  • see world through P’s eyes
22
Q

how to qualitative researchers go about conducting a study

A
  • start with a theory
  • try a research design to test whether theory holds together
  • collect data and and try ad understand phenomenon and build a theory together
23
Q

inductive reasoning

A
  • start with data and gather more slowly to build a theory that wasn’t there before
24
Q

deductive reasoning

A
  • prove whether theory holds together
25
Q

what is validity?

A
  • accuracy of measure
  • do they represent what they are supposed to measure
26
Q

what is reliability?

A
  • how reliable
  • if I do a test about height and do it again the next day - data should be same/similar = reliable
  • consistency
27
Q

trustworthiness

A
  1. dependability - consistent and could be repeated
  2. confirmability - degree of neutrality. remove bias and researcher is neutral
  3. credibility - confidence in findings truth
  4. transferability - findings have applicability in other contexts
28
Q

3 key approaches of quantitative research

A
  1. phonomonology - experience of a phenomeno. interviews
  2. ethnography - describing characteristics of group of people. interviews
    3.grounded theory
29
Q

what is ground theory in more detail?

A
  • enables you to study a particular phenomenon or process and discover new theories based on collection and analysis of real world data
  • unravel meanings on peoples interactions, social, interactions and experiences
30
Q

what is ethnography in more detail?

A
  • used in social and behavioural sciences
  • up close observation of participations
31
Q

what are the types of interview?

A
  • individual-group
  • structured-semi-structured-unstructured
  • open questions=closed questions
  • styles- biographical, clinical, ethnographical
  • method- face-to-face, telephone, computer-assisted
32
Q

strengths of interviewing

A
  • personalisation/interaction
  • opportunities to ask Qs
  • possible to probe
  • good rate of return
  • flexible
33
Q

limitation of interviewing

A
  • labour intensive (cost)
  • not extensive
  • subjectivities in interpretation and analysis
  • memory decay
34
Q
A
35
Q

how to design an interview

A
  1. why you asking question
  2. why are you asking these people
  3. what do you want to ask
  4. how do you plan to ask them (open, closed, scales)
36
Q

what to avoid in interviews

A
  • double Qs
  • long complex Qs
  • jargon/technical terms
  • leading questions
  • ambiguous questions
  • invasion of privacy
37
Q

what makes a good interviewer?

A
  • listening skills
  • sensitive to non-verbal communication
  • eliminates cues leading to particular responses
  • don’t look bored
38
Q

what are the stages of qualitative analysis?

A
  • data reduction - coding, discarding irrelevant data
  • data display draw conclusions from mass of data
  • conclusion drawing - verifications validity examined thro9ugh references to existing filed notes and critical discussions with tutors
39
Q

ways of analysing qualitative data?

A
  • ethnographic analysis
  • structured analysis
  • axial coding and constant comparison
  • inductive and deductive analytical procedures
  • post-structuralism approach
  • feminist approach
40
Q

how to code qualitative data?

A
  • each code is a category
  • first stage providing some form of logical structure to data
    codes are labels assigning units of meaning to descriptive info compiled during study

RM and DA (3 decks)

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