Qualitative Flashcards
1
Q
Research process
A
- Research question
- Design study
- Collecting the data
- Interpreting data
- Reporting the data
2
Q
Purpose of research
A
- Further knowledge about a profession/therapy
- assess needs for services
- evaluate the effectiveness of interventions
- develop assessment tool
- provide info about client’s experiences
- Examine the process of therapy
3
Q
Difference between Qualitative vs Quantitative
A
- Used to obtain an understanding of the world from an individuals or social groups perspective
- Often involves interviewing people to understand their perspective
- Data in the form of words
Quantitative
- used to find out about relationships between variables, or quantify how common a phenomena is
- data is often collected by use of standardised measures, questionnaires or objective measurement methods
- the data gathered are quantifiable and statistical, using counts and measures
4
Q
What is sampling and what are the advantages
A
- Aa researcher chooses a small, carefully chosen subgroup of the population, serves as a reference group for drawing conclusions about the population
- Must specify inclusion and exclusion criterion.
Advantages - More economical
- Time efficient
- Cana be more accurate because there is greater control over the measurements and procedures used.
5
Q
What is ontology
A
a set of ideas, values, frameworks and beliefs
6
Q
What is epistemology
A
A theory about the nature of knowledge and how we know what we know
7
Q
Methodology
A
A specific ways to generate knowledge
8
Q
Describe how different paradigms represent different epistemology
A
Positivism (Quant)
- Knowledge is objective
- Hard data
- Can be measured
- Natural and social world are the same
- Deduce hypothesis
Interpretivism (qual)
- Knowledge is subjective
- Meaning has action
- Relies on interpretation
- Social world is different to natural world
9
Q
Advantages and Disadvantages Quantitative
A
Advantages
- Measurement: quantity is powerful tool in producing data on phenomena
- Rigour: methods transparent
- Internal validity: method are able to explain phenomena with independent and dependent variables explaining cause and effect
- Generalisability to large population
- Replicability by others
Disadvantages
- Social world diff from natural world
- Measures used by positivist researchers are artificial, measuring the constructs of researcher and not life as it is lived by respondents
- Surveys only measure responses at a single point in time, but people have the capacity for change and self-reflection
- Positivist methods are less effective at determining why people act as they do
10
Q
Advantages and disadvantages of Qualitative
A
Advantages
- Flexibility of thinking
- Flexibility in interpretation of data
- Rich description: findings based on an empathetic understanding of the research participants
- Compensation: qualitative methods can be used to investigate areas where quantitative methods are inappropriate
- Validity: qualitative methods are high on internal validity as they draw of understanding of research participants
Disadvantages
- Observer bias
- Lack of consensus
- Lack of focus: sometimes too broad
- Lack of generalisability: undertaken with a small number of participants
- Poor replication
- Time costly
11
Q
Not mixed methods
A
- Having both quantitative and qualitative data available
- Collection and reporting separately without combining them
- Using multiple quantitative or qualitative approaches AKA multi-method research
12
Q
why is it important to know the research design
A
- Many different research designs with different purposes
- Strength and limitations well established
- To know which design is ‘best’ design to look for when you are looking for the bet available evidence
13
Q
Ethical issues in health research
A
- Voluntary participation
- No harm
- Anonymity and confidentiality
- Deception
14
Q
5 categories of study desigm
A
- Experimental
- Quasi experimental
- Observational
- Systematic reviews
- Qualitative
15
Q
What is a paradigm
A
is a framework for a set of beliefs about what should be studied, what methods should be used, and how data should be interpreted
16
Q
How does qualitative contribute
A
- Illustrate meaning
- Study how things work
- Capture stories to understand people’s perspectives and experiences
- Elucidate how systems function and their consequences for people’s lives
- Understand context: how and why it matters
- Identify unanticipated consequences
- Compare cases to discover important patterns and themes across cases
17
Q
What are the 12 core strategies of qualitative inquiry
A
- Naturalistic inquiry: involves natural environment to understand human behaviour
- Design flexibility: Research design flexibility due to open-ended nature of
naturalistic inquiry and pragmatic decisions - Purposeful sampling: no rule for sample size in qualitative, choose data sources that can inform the phenomenon being investigated
- Data collection methods
- Personal experience and engagement
- Empathic neutrality: being non-judgmental and empathetic to build trust, sit in the middle (not too involved or too distant), mindfulness
- Dynamic systems perspective: shift and change methods as needed
- When interviewing disability/illness:
- -Gain ongoing consent (particularly if people have memory loss)
- -Ask if participant would like a break (especially if topic is emotional, or they fatigue quickly, or are in pain)
- -Ask if participant would like a family member present (e.g., for supportor as a prompt) - Unique case orientation
- Inductive analysis and creative synthesis
- Holistic perspective
- Context sensitivity
- Reflexivity: perspective & voice
18
Q
Explain Phenomenolgy
A
Answers the question: “What is it like to
have a certain experience?”
• Provides rich descriptions of
experience as it is lived; deeper understandings.
• Findings often uncover meanings or
“essence” of an experience or
phenomenon.
19
Q
Explain Ethnology
A
• Aims to describe and interpret a culture or its subgroups. • Asks “What is happening here” and “Why is it happening?” • Interpretive - a search for meaning within social norms, culturally patterned behaviour. • This method involves observation and note taking.
20
Q
explain Grounded theory
A
• Primary purpose is to explore social processes and to generate explanatory theories of human behaviour which are grounded in the data. • Data collection and analysis occur simultaneously. Analysis includes constant comparison and systematic coding. Theoretical sampling guides further data collection to explore the emerging theory. • Analysis leads to identification of the core social processes and development of an explanatory theory based on the data.
21
Q
Explain Narrative inquiry
A
• Life-story research • Based on tendency for people to story their experiences • Data analysis methods focus on plot or structure of stories, the use of metaphors and linguistic devices, as well as the influence of the listener • Purpose – to understand meaning individuals give to experiences
22
Q
Explain action research
A
Aims to change something through systematic cycles of action & reflection (plan, act, observe, reflect) • Pursues action (or change) and research (or understanding) with local stakeholder involvement
