Qtr 2

Question 1

What is the biggest cell on Earth?

Answer 1

The ostrich egg

An unfertilized ostrich egg is considered the largest single cell.

Question 2

The development of haploid cells into mature gametes capable of fertilization.

Answer 2

Gametogenesis

Question 3

How much DNA is in a gamete?

Answer 3

DNA in a gamete is half as much compared to a body cell.

Question 4

What are the three distinct segments of a sperm cell?

Answer 4

• Head containing genetic material
• Flagella tail for propulsion
• Midpiece with mitochondria

Question 5

primary function of the midpiece of a sperm cell?

Answer 5

To supply ATP through mitochondria.

Question 6

the development of primary spermatocytes into secondary spermatocytes?

Answer 6

Spermatogenesis.

Question 7

What do secondary spermatocytes develop into?

Answer 7

Spermatids, which are haploid cells.

Question 8

allows mature sperm cells to swim and fertilize an egg?

Answer 8

The flagellum tail.

Question 9

role of the compact head of a sperm cell?

Answer 9

To form a streamlined shape by losing most of its cytoplasm.

Question 10

What does the egg contribute to the zygote besides DNA?

Answer 10

• Organelles
• Building blocks for compounds
• Other necessary materials

Question 11

Why is oogenesis considered more complicated than spermatogenesis?

Answer 11

Because the egg contains almost all of the cytoplasm a developing embryo will have during its first few days of life.

Question 12

Begins when oogonia (singular:oogonium) undergoes mitosis to form primary oocytes also with the diploid number.

Answer 12

Oogenesis

Question 13

the immature eggs that form in the ovaries before birth and have the diploid number of chromosomes.

Answer 13

Oogonia

Question 14

What do oogonia undergo to form primary oocytes?

Answer 14

Oogonia undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes, which also have the diploid number of chromosomes.

Question 15

undergoes the first cell division of meiosis to form secondary oocytes with the haploid number of chromosomes.

Answer 15

primary oocyte

Question 16

undergoes the second meiotic cell division to form a haploid ovum if it is fertilized by a sperm.

Answer 16

secondary oocyte

Question 17

produces one large egg cell and one polar body, which eventually breaks down.

Answer 17

Meiosis

Question 18

contains little more than DNA and eventually breaks down, while the larger cell develops into the mature gamete, called an ovum.

Answer 18

polar body

Question 19

Why is the unequal distribution of cytoplasm during oogenesis important?

Answer 19

The unequal distribution is necessary because the zygote that results from fertilization receives all of its cytoplasm from the egg.

Question 20

How many mature ova are formed during meiosis from a primary oocyte?

Answer 20

One

Question 21

What happens to polar bodies during oogenesis?

Answer 21

Three polar bodies may form during oogenesis, but they do not form mature gametes.

Question 22

_______ begins in the fetus with all primary oocytes formed prior to birth, while _______ begins at puberty with continuous creation of spermatocytes.

Answer 22

Oogenesis, spermatogenesis

Question 23

What is produced from meiosis in oogenesis?

Answer 23

One large egg cell and one polar body.

Question 24

What is the mature gamete called in oogenesis?

Answer 24

Ovum.

Question 25

Why is the unequal distribution of cytoplasm during oogenesis necessary?

Answer 25

The zygote receives all of its cytoplasm from the egg, so the egg needs to have as much cytoplasm as possible.

Question 26

When does oogenesis begin?

Answer 26

In the fetus, with all primary oocytes formed prior to birth.

Question 27

When does spermatogenesis begin?

Answer 27

At puberty, with spermatocytes continuously created.

Question 28

The development of haploid cells into gametes.

Answer 28

Gametogenesis

Question 29

How many haploid cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

Answer 29

Four haploid cells, but they are not yet gametes.

Question 30

How many mature gametes are produced in oogenesis?

Answer 30

One mature ovum.

Question 31

How many haploid sperm cells are produced in spermatogenesis?

Answer 31

Four haploid sperm cells.

Question 32

What is the initial stage of animal development?

Answer 32

zygote

Question 33

brings the haploid nuclei of sperm and egg together, forming a diploid zygote.

Answer 33

Fertilization

Question 34

How do sperm cells reach the egg?

Answer 34

Sperm cells can swim up the cervix if semen gets in the vagina.

Question 35

when the sperm and uterus work together to move the sperm towards the fallopian tubes.

Answer 35

Capacitation

Question 36

If an egg is moving through the fallopian tubes at the same time, the sperm and egg can

Answer 36

join together

Question 37

What is the largest cell produced in most animals?

Answer 37

The egg is the largest cell produced in most animals.

Question 38

What is the size comparison of a human egg cell to a sperm cell?

Answer 38

A human egg cell is approximately 16 times larger than a human sperm cell.

Question 39

A jelly layer composed of glycoproteins that releases species-specific chemoattractants. It surrounds the egg and guides sperm to it

Answer 39

Zona pellucida

Question 40

What initiates embryonic development after sperm contact?

Answer 40

Sperm contact with the egg's surface initiates reactions in the egg that trigger the onset of embryonic development.

Question 41

What initiates metabolic reactions in the egg during fertilization?

Answer 41

The sperm's contact with the egg's surface initiates metabolic reactions in the egg that trigger the onset of embryonic development.

Question 42

triggered when the sperm meets the egg, releasing hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding the egg or the zona pellucida.

Answer 42

acrosomal reaction

Question 43

initiates the cortical reaction, inducing a rise in Ca²⁺ that stimulates cortical granules to release their contents outside the egg

Answer 43

Fusion of egg and sperm

Question 44

the fusion of more than one sperm with an egg, which is genetically incompatible with life and results in zygote death.

Answer 44

Polyspermy

Question 45

What are the two mechanisms that prevent polyspermy?

Answer 45

The two mechanisms are the 'fast block' to polyspermy and the 'slow block' to polyspermy.

Question 46

initiated by the fusion of sperm and egg membranes, causing electrical depolarization of the egg plasma membrane for 10-20 seconds.

Answer 46

fast block

Question 47

results from the cortical reaction, lifting the vitelline layer away from the egg plasma membrane to create the fertilization envelope.

Answer 47

slow block

Question 48

a barrier that prevents additional sperm from reaching the egg.

Answer 48

The fertilization envelope

Question 49

What happens to the egg's cytosol after fertilization?

Answer 49

The sharp rise in Ca²⁺ in the egg's cytosol increases the rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis by the egg cell.

Question 50

fusion of gametes to create a genetically unique individual.

Answer 50

Fertilization

Question 51

What biochemical changes occur post ejaculation to improve sperm motility?

Answer 51

Capacitation.

Question 52

What reaction occurs once a sperm has successfully penetrated an egg to prevent polyspermy?

Answer 52

The cortical reaction.

Question 53

What is the first step of fertilization?

Answer 53

Egg activation.

Question 54

a series of rapid cell divisions that occur after fertilization, leading to the formation of smaller cells called blastomeres.

Answer 54

Cleavage

Question 55

How frequently do cleavage cell divisions occur?

Answer 55

Cleavage cell divisions can occur as frequently as every 10 minutes, unlike typical cell division which occurs every 18-24 hours.

Question 56

the smaller cells produced during cleavage as the zygote divides without increasing in size.

Answer 56

Blastomeres

Question 57

After cleavage has produced over 100 blastomeres, the embryo is called a ______.

Answer 57

blastula

Question 58

the first embryonic tissue formed by the spherical layer of blastomeres in the blastula.

Answer 58

blastoderm

Question 59

a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity that the blastoderm surrounds and is essential for the next step of development, gastrulation.

Answer 59

blastocoel

Question 60

What happens when egg and sperm meet?

Answer 60

When egg and sperm meet, a zygote is formed, which quickly begins dividing to become an embryo.

Question 61

the mammalian equivalent of a blastula which consists of an inner cell mass and an outer cell layer called the trophoblast.

Answer 61

blastocyst,

Question 62

What are intrinsic factors in cell specialization?

Answer 62

Intrinsic factors are lineage information inherited from the mother cell as a result of cell division, influencing cell specialization.

Question 63

mRNAs or proteins found in the egg prior to the fertilization. They are asymmetrically distributed, so that after the first cleavage division, the two different resulting cells have different intrincing information, leading to different cell fates.

Answer 63

Cytoplasmic determinants

Question 64

Received from the cell's surrounding environment or from neighboring cells

Answer 64

Extrinsic/positional information

Question 65

One of the five essential development processes, and occurs during the development of all animals and plant species

Answer 65

Induction/cell cell communication

Question 66

A series of rapid cell divisions occurs after the activation of egg

Answer 66

Cleavage

Question 67

Embryo with a cleavage produced over 100 blastomeres

Answer 67

Blastula

Question 68

First embryonic tissue

Answer 68

Blastoderm

Question 69

Fluid/yolk filled cavity thats surrounded by blastoderm

Answer 69

Blastocoel

Question 70

the dramatic rearrangement (movement) of cells in the blastula to create the embryonic tissue layers .

Answer 70

Gastrulation

Question 71

Embryo during gastrulation

Answer 71

Gastrula