qtaro

Question 1

What do tears contain?

Answer 1

Anti-microbial chemicals

Question 2

How do nose and ear hairs defend against infections/diseases?

Answer 2

Wax/Mucus catch airborne pathogens

Question 3

Where are platelets found?

Answer 3

Blood

Question 4

What do platelets do?

Answer 4

Detect damage to skin/blood vessel and trigger a clotting cascade

Question 5

How does the stomach defend against infections/diseases?

Answer 5

Hydrochloric acid destroys pathogens

Question 6

What is the sebum?

Answer 6

Antimicrobial secretions

Question 7

How does the skin defend against infections/diseases?

Answer 7

Sebum, Barrier-layers of dead cells that don’t get infected, the outer layer drops off over time, limits water moving through

Question 8

What are commensal bacteria?

Answer 8

Bacteria that are supposed to be there, not pathogens

Question 9

How is the urethra kept clear of pathogens?

Answer 9

Regular urination

Question 10

What do plasma cells do?

Answer 10

Produce millions of small, Y shaped proteins called antibodies

Question 11

Where are antibodies released?

Answer 11

The blood, where they go around the body

Question 12

What is each type of antibody specific to?

Answer 12

Each type of antigen

Question 13

What is an internal defence?

Answer 13

It only plays a role when pathogens/foreign material get into healthy tissues

Question 14

What do antigens equal?

Answer 14

Markers

Question 15

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 15

Recognise foreign antigens

Question 16

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 16

Where a white blood cell engulfs/phagocytoses

Question 17

What do antitoxins do?

Answer 17

Reduce the effect of bacterial toxins

Question 18

What produces antitoxins?

Answer 18

White blood cells

Question 19

What are the three steps for a white blood cell?

Answer 19

1-engulf
2-antibodies
3-antitoxins

Question 20

What do specialised blood cells do?

Answer 20

Take in unique antigens and produce a specific chemical called an antibody in response

Question 21

What does an antibody do?

Answer 21

Clone itself multiple times so lots of identical cells produce the antibody, so the concentration of antibodies within the blood increases.

Question 22

What shape is an antibody?

Answer 22

Y

Question 23

When do the antibodies stop being produced?

Answer 23

Once the antibodies have been produced in large concentration and the infection is cleared(all pathogens are gone)

Question 24

Where are some copies of the plasma cell that was produceing the correct antibody stored?

Answer 24

Memory cells

Question 25

What happens on re-exposure to the pathogen(the same antigen)?

Answer 25

The response is faster and bigger so symptoms do not occur

Question 26

What happens in vaccinnation?

Answer 26

A dead or inactive version of a pathogen is used to stimulate a safe immune response

Question 27

What is immunity?

Answer 27

If you become infected a second time the antibody and white blood cell response is faster and has a bigger response

Question 28

What is herd immunity?

Answer 28

If enough proportion of the population is immune to a disease the ability of the pathogen to spread is greatly reduced

Question 29

What is the mortality rate for ebola?

Answer 29

50%

Question 30

What do painkillers do?

Answer 30

Make you feel relieved of the symptoms- they do not affect the pathogen

Question 31

Where are disinfectants applied?

Answer 31

Onto objects and surfaces

Question 32

What do disinfectants do?

Answer 32

Destroy most biological tissue/cells and does not discriminate between human cells and a pathogen

Question 33

Where are antiseptics applied?

Answer 33

Wounds to help remove infective pathogens before they infect the tissue around the wound

Question 34

When were antiseptics first attempted?

Answer 34

In the late 1800s

Question 35

Who first attempted antiseptics?

Answer 35

Joseph j̶o̶e̶s̶t̶a̶r̶ Lister

Question 36

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 36

Specifically damage/disrupt the life cycle of bacteria and not human cells. This eventually kills them or stops them from reproducing eg. penicillin

Question 37

What does a large zone of inhibition suggest?

Answer 37

The antiseptic/antibiotic is more effective than that with a smaller zone of inhibition

Question 38

How do antiseptics/antibiotics radiate outwards?

Answer 38

Diffusion

Question 39

Who discovered penicillin and from where?

Answer 39

Alexander Fleming from the Penicillum mold

Question 40

What is a good medicine

Answer 40

Effective, safe, stable, easy to administer, successfully taken into and removed from the body

Question 41

What does research lead to?

Answer 41

Possible chemicals that might work

Question 42

Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?

Answer 42

Foxglove

Question 43

Where does the painkiller aspirin originate from?

Answer 43

Willow

Question 44

What are new drugs extensively tested for?

Answer 44

Toxicity, effiacy and dose

Question 45

Where is pre-clinical testing done?

Answer 45

In a laboratory

Question 46

What is used in pre-clinical testing?

Answer 46

Cells, tissues and live animals

Question 47

What do clinical trials use?

Answer 47

Healthy volunteers and patients

Question 48

What dose of the drug is given at the start of the clinical trial?

Answer 48

Very small

Question 49

What are some patients given in double blind trials?

Answer 49

A placebo