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Quantitative Physiology > QP Test 1 > Flashcards

QP Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What contains most of the “body water”?

A

lean body mass

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2
Q

The “battery” in the electrical circuit model of biological membrane is

A

The voltage driving driving force for each ion

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3
Q

In the membrane potential equation Em-Er = iRm(1 - e-t/tau), what is tau?

A

R(m)C(m)

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4
Q

In cable theory of electrotonic potential distribution, the space constant, lambda, decreases when

A

diameter of the axon decreases, (ADD OTHERS)

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5
Q

What is “Occam’s razor”?

A

Removing any unnecessary conditions

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6
Q

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger proteins move intracellular Ca2+ out of cells. Which of the following processes will directly decrease the rate of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger?

A

increase in Na+ concentration, (ADD any others)

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7
Q

What drives Ca influx through channels?

A

Its concentration gradient

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8
Q

What second messenger triggers Ca release from intracellular calcium store in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

IP3

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9
Q

What is a function of cAMP

A

activation of PKA

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10
Q

Voltage clamp fulfills what requirement?

A

Ei-(Eo+Ec)=0

Neutralizes capcitative effect so all that is measured is ion current

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11
Q

In the Hodgkin-Huxley equation, the time independent change of potassium conductance is best fit with which power of exponential

A

4

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12
Q

What is the purpose of a voltage clamp?

A

To record only the resistant current

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13
Q

Which of the following channels mediate transmitter release at the presynaptic terminal?

A

Ca

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14
Q

“rest and digest” refers to what function

A

The parasympathetic division of the nervous system

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15
Q

What cells are responsible for myelination?

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

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16
Q

Blocking the SERT transporter blocks the actions of what neurotransmitter?

A

serotonin

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17
Q

Speaking fluidly and smoothly but words are nonsensical

A

Wernicke’s (

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18
Q

Making sense but taking forever to finish the story

A

Broca’s

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19
Q

The intensity of a sensory stimulus is encoded by

A

The frequency of action potentials fired

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20
Q

The sensory afferents enter the spinal cord _______ and motor efferents exit ________.

A

Dorsally, ventrally

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21
Q

What is the main excitatory transmitter of the visual system?

A

Glutamate

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22
Q

What is in the endolymph surrounding the cilia of hair cells that generates the endocochlear potential?

A

High K+ concentration

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23
Q

What does light reach last when it enters the eyes?

A

Cones and Rods

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24
Q

What is agent based modeling?

A

Agent based modeling is stochastic. In a micro scale, each agent automatically controls its behavior

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25
Q

In cable theory of electrotonic potential distribution, what happens when the diameter of the neural axon increases?

A

The space constant increases

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26
Q

In cable theory of electronic potential distribution, what happens when there are less Na channels expressed on a fixed membrane area?

A

The space constant (lambda) increases

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27
Q

What does a bigger space constant Lambda mean for electrotonic potential propagation?

A

The distance of a single stimulation can propagate farther

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28
Q

Which nerve fiber has a bigger space constant lambda, thicker or thinner?

A

The thicker nerve fiber

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29
Q

Give three examples of transport processes that use ATP directly

A
  1. transport of Na our of cells
  2. transport of K into cells
  3. transport of Ca into ER/SR
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30
Q

Name four factors that cause the opening and closing of ion channels.

A
  1. voltage
  2. ligand-binding
  3. physical stretch
  4. phosphorylation
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31
Q

Name an example of transport that is not chemical specific.

A

Gas diffusion through cytoplasmic membrane

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32
Q

Which transport process characterizes the Na/Ca exchanger which moves intracellular Ca out of cells

A

Secondary active transport

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33
Q

Which protein provides the highest speed for ions moving across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

ion channel

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34
Q

What is a second messenger?

A

One of a few common small intracelluar molecules that amplify the hormonal signal

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35
Q

Is intracellular Ca responsible for action of potential propagation along the neuron axons?

A

No. (what is Look It Up)

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36
Q

Is cCMP a second messenger?

A

No

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37
Q

Name three cellular functions of cAMP

A

PKA activation, regulation of ion channels, regulation of protein containing Nucleotide-Binding Domain

38
Q

How does Vitamin D cross the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Simple diffusion since it is a product of cholesterol.

39
Q

What two factors directly determine the amplitude of a voltage gated ion channel current?

A

Ion concentration gradient and voltage difference across cytoplasmic membrane.

40
Q

What effect does the increase of intracellular Na have on the rate of the Na/Ca exchanger?

A

Decrease the rate of exchange

41
Q

How many different second messengers are there?

A

10

42
Q

What is the function of inositol triphosphate (IP3)?

A

Triggers Ca release from the extracellular calcium store

43
Q

What channel is most important in establishing resting membrane potential?

A

Voltage-gated K channel

44
Q

By what process do CO2 transport occur in the lung?

A

Simple diffusion across the lipid bilayer

45
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A molecule that binds to a ligand receptor but does not generate a response

46
Q

Name one example of a nuclear receptor

A

Vitamin D

47
Q

Name one example of a G protein

A

G12/13

48
Q

Hetero trimeric G-protein consists of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. Upon the hormonal stimulation, which of the subunits binds to GTP and is separated?

A

The alpha subunit

49
Q

Under what condition can the voltage across a membrane be clamped?

A

Ec = Ei - Eo

50
Q

What is the purpose of voltage clamp?

A

Removes the capacitive current to only measure the ion flux across the membrane

51
Q

In H-H equation, what power function best fits the time dependent change of K conductance?

A

4

52
Q

What letter is used to describe the rate of change of inactivation of sodium conductance in the H-H equation?

A

h

53
Q

In the H-H equation, what exponential function best fits the time dependent change of sodium conductance?

A

3

54
Q

What letter is used to describe the rate of change of activation of K conductance in the H-H equation?

A

n

55
Q

m3h gx(E-Ex) in H-H model represents _____.

A

Na current

56
Q

Who invented the patch clamp?

A

Neher, Sakman

57
Q

What is the difference between the patch clamp and the voltage clamp?

A

Patch clamp is the voltage clamp applied to a single cell

58
Q

The letter h is the opening probability of the Na channel inactivation gate. What change of voltage causes the channel to inactivate (h–> 0 )?

A

Depolarization

59
Q

What cells are responsible for myelination?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

60
Q

Which channels mediate transmitter release at the presynaptic terminal?

A

Ca channels

61
Q

What ion and direction of flow occur on the rising edge of the action potential (phase 3)?

A

Na ions flow into cell

62
Q

What is the order of synapse types from fastest to slowest?

A

Gap junction, ligand-gated, G-protein coupled

63
Q

What is the main fast inhibitory transmitter in the nervous system?

A

GABA

64
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of the preganglionic neuron of sympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine

65
Q

What nervous system function is “fight or flight”?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

66
Q

What are the three function of the cerebellum?

A

Movement, balance, posture

67
Q

What aspect of the nervous system is involuntary?

A

autonomic

68
Q

How many types of synapses are in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Two. Cholinergic and adrenergic

69
Q

Sensory afferents that cross immediately when entering the spinal cord carry _____ information and ascends into which pathway?

A

Pain and temperature; spinothalmic tract

70
Q

What is the only sensory information that doesn’t first synapse in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?

A

Olfactory

71
Q

Where does the tonotopic organization of the auditory system originate?

A

Basilar membrane

72
Q

How is the depolarization of taste cells in response to a salty taste mediated?

A

Na ions flow through an amilioride-sensative Na channel

73
Q

What types of sensory receptor cells are in the visual system?

A

Rods and cones

74
Q

What three things is the equilibrium potential of an ion dependent on?

A

Valence of the ion, temperature and intra and extracellular concentration

75
Q

What is the main excititory neurotransmitter of the brain?

A

Glutamate

76
Q

What makes cerebrospinal fluid?

A

The choroid plexus

77
Q

What are 4 functions of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)?

A

heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, muscle movements of the mouth (speech, keeping the larynx open)

78
Q

After crossing the medulla, ascending sensory information travels in what structure to reach the thalmus?

A

Medial lemniscus

79
Q

What ion in the endolymph surrounding the cilia of hair cells generates the endocochlear potential? (High or low?)

A

High K concentration

80
Q

What kind of shape change of the lens results in near-sighted vision?

A

Rounded

81
Q

What is the “dark current” (depolarizing current) in photo sensory cells mediated by?

A

A continual influx of Na ions

82
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

83
Q

Most sensory information synapses in what structure where neurons then send axons to the cortex?

A

The Thalmus

84
Q

What causes congenital birth defects such as anencephaly and spina bifida?

A

Failure of the neural tube to close

85
Q

What current is responsible for repolarization of the cell during an action potential?

A

A slow-onset and continuous outward K current.

86
Q

If the capactiance of a membrane is increased, what affect will it have on tau?

A

increase

87
Q

What two factors influence the threshold for “two-point discrimination” sensory tasks?

A

receptor density, size of receptive field and lateral inhibition

88
Q

What is the cellular response to light falling on a photoreceptor?

A

They hyperpolarize and refrain from releasing tranmitter in amounts corresponding to light intensity

89
Q

what in the function of cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

The inhibition of the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft

90
Q

Reutake of autonomic monoamine neurotransmitter is an important physilogical regulartion of synapse function. List three mechanisms that mediate the reuptake of neurotransmitters.

A
  1. serotonin transporter (SERT), blocked by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
  2. norepinephrine transporter (NET), blocked by tricyclic antidepresssant (TCA)
  3. dopomine transporter (DAT), blocked by amphetamines.

fun fact: cocaine blocks all three

91
Q

What is the function of Wernike’s area? Broca’s area?

A

Wernike’s is understanding language. Broca’s is production of language.

92
Q

Where are rods and cones located?

A

On the back of the retina. The light passes through layers of neurons and capillaries before ever reaching the rods and cones.

Quantitative Physiology (2 decks)

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